History of Special Education

Special education only began when parent-organized groups started advocating for disabled children’s rights. Prior to this, disabled children were considered crippled, dump, mentally defective or feeble-minded, (J. E. Wallace Wallin, 1924). They were therefore excluded from education in public institutions. By 1975, more than half of disabled children were denied an opportunity to education. (William N. Myhill, 2004) However, during the 1950s and 1960s several parent-organized groups of advocacy emerged. Such groups included the American Association on Mental Deficiency, Muscular Dystrophy Association, and Mental Retardation Panel by John F.Kennedy among others. These groups’ advocacy necessitated establishment of schools for children with disabilities, both at the local and state levels. The advocacy also led to state’s concern for special education. Several legislations that aimed at development and implementation of programs for the needs of children with disa bilities and their families were also passed. In 1958, 1959 and 1961 three laws; PL 85-926, PL 86-158 and the Teachers of the Deaf Act, respectively were passed. These laws helped in the training of teachers who to work with the mentally disabled and the deaf.In 1965 the state also approved the Elementary and Secondary Education Act and the State Schools Act. With these acts in place, states got access to grant funds for the education of children with disabilities (James J. Cremins, 1983). The United States Congress also approved the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA) in 1975. This law was to protect the rights of children with disabilities and their families. The law later became the legislative foundation through which special education received federal funding (James J. Cremins, 1983).In 1997 and 2004 the EHA was re-authored and renamed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), changing the procedures for disability identification and demanding for hig h standards of qualification for teachers of special education. IDEA advocated for a Free and Appropriate Education (FAPE) to every student. Court cases have also been vital in shaping of special education. For instance, the Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children (PARC) challenged the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1971 for the exclusion of mentally handicapped from public schools.The courts ruled out this discrimination. This case extended into 1972, with a ruling that children with disabilities be given education irrespective of its cost following a case filled by Mills against the District of Columbia (William N. Myhill, 2004) In 1998, Honig filed a case against Doe when two students were suspended for disruptive conduct resulting from their disabilities. The court ruled that students could not be punished for a disability-related misbehavior. As well, three different cases; Diana v State Board of Education (1970), Hobson v Hansen (1967-1968) and the Larry P. Riles case filled in 1979, sort a ruling on disability tests. The court ruled out the use of IQ, culturally biased and language-biased tests whose use to place a student in special education class was common. Special education has undergone remarkable transition; from the time when disabled children were simply ignored to today when a good number of programs for these children have been developed (James J. Cremins, 1983). There are now numerous professionals who evaluate children with disabilities and place them into the best conditions for their learning.References James J. Cremins, (1983). Legal and Political Issues in Special Education4–5 J. E. Wallace Wallin, (1924). The Education of Handicapped Children Losen, Daniel J. & Orfield, Gary (2002), Introduction to Racial Inequality in Special Education. The Civil Rights Project at Harvard University: Harvard Education Press. William N. Myhill, (2004). No FAPE for Children with Disabilities in the Milwaukee Parental Choice Program: Time to Redefine a Free Appropriate Public Education, 89 Iowa L. Rev. 1051, 1055

Constitutional Law Essay

Constitutional Law May be deemed elusive and immaterial when the constitutions in Consideration are either dead, hogwash and unrealistic. Critically analyze the above statement using relevant case law and statutory provisions. In looking at the above statement, I will attempt to define constitution, Constitution Law and constitutionalism and try to look into how the governments of the world especially Africa and the West, more specifically Kenya and the United states of America have tried to uphold constitutionalism and on the other hand how lack of it has brought the disregard of the constitutions by in most cases, the ruling elites and hence the statement† Constitutional Law May be deemed elusive and immaterial when the constitutions in Consideration are either dead, hogwash and unrealistic†. A constitution is a set of laws either written or unwritten that govern the relationship between the different organs of a government that is the Executive, Judiciary and the Legislature and the relationship between the government and the governed in a given state or country. This is the supreme law of any given state. Constitutional Law is that branch of law that governs and guides constitutional interpretation and implementation as well as sets down the relationship between different entities of a state namely the executive, the legislature and the judiciary. It is essentially a body of law derived from a country’s written constitution that lays down and guides the duties and powers of the government, and the duties and rights of its citizens and residents. All States can be said to have some form of norm that governs the relationship between the arms of the government and a government and its people, however the problem comes in in implementation of the said norms.

Strategic marketing plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Strategic marketing plan - Research Paper Example The National Taiwan Craft Research Institute (NTCRI) is a renowned organization in Taiwan and its marketing division has been chosen to handle this project and promote the new product. This paper presents the detailed marketing plan for the promotion and launch of the new product, the analysis of the target market and the competitors of the NTCRI. It also mentions the indicators by which the organization would be able to measure the performance of the product after it has been marketed. Table of Contents International designers are increasingly showing inclination towards utilising the concepts of traditional arts. Therefore the perspective of the local culture of Taiwan is gradually moving towards occupying the position of an essential cultural element among the future designs of various modern day applications. This paper presents a plan for the development of a drinking cup based on the design of the traditional ‘Linnak’ used by the Paiwan tribe. The ideas of the Linn ak and the cultural connotations associated with the product evoke innovative sense of marketing among the modern marketers. The National Taiwan Craft Research Institute (NTCRI) is a renowned organization in Taiwan and its marketing division has been chosen to handle this project and promote the new product. ... ts 3 Rationale of the artistic product 4 Company overview 4 Overview of the new product 5 Product design 5 Relationship between the product and the NTCRI 6 Internal situation 6 Strengths 6 Weaknesses 7 External situation 8 Pest analysis 8 Opportunities 10 Threats 10 Analysis of target market 11 Competitor analysis 12 Marketing strategy 13 Marketing objectives, strategies and actions 16 Performance indicators 17 Conclusion 17 References 18 Rationale of the artistic product Taiwan is rich in cultural heritage and a new product has been chosen which would be introduced to the market for handicrafts in the country. This product would be marketed through the NTCRI. The product is a drinking cup designed with ideas borrowed from the rich cultural heritage of the country. The original product is a special traditional wine-drinking cup made of wood and consisting of one or more cups. The Linnak is very closely associated with the wine drinking culture of the tribe as a part of their sacred r itual. The number of cups in this drinking container (carved out of one single log of wood) signifies the speciality of the event in which the cup is used. If there is only one cup in the Linnak, it implies that the cup is meant for use by the chief of tribe in the special event. Two-cup or three-cup versions of the Linnak are also used in certain social events in the tribal society, such as, marriages and festive ceremonies, in which the people that share the cups of the Linnak to drink rice wine share a deep bonding. In marriages, the husband and the wife sharing the drink from the two-cup Linnak are bound by a loving relationship; in other social events, people that drink form the same Linnak share warm feelings among one another (Lin, 2007). The design of the Linnak has been found to be

Methodology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Methodology - Essay Example Holsti (1968, p. 608) defines content analysis as â€Å"any technique for making inferences by systematically and objectively identifying special characteristics of messages†. The later definition is broad and does not restricted content analysis to the domain of textual analysis. However, to allow for replication, content analysis technique can only be used on data that are durable in nature. Content analysis technique allows a researcher to test theoretical issues in order to enhance understanding of the data (Elo & Kynga 2008). It is possible to sieve words into fewer content related categories using content analysis. Cavanagh (1997) notes that when classified into the same categories, words, and phrases share the same meaning. According to GAO (1996), content analysis is important because it enables researchers to sift easily through large amounts of data. Weber (1990) noted that this technique can be used to allow for the description and discovery of the focus of individual, group, institutional, or social attention. The technique further allows inferences that can be later corroborated through other methods of data collection be made. As Krippendorff (2004) notes that "content analysis research is motivated by the search for techniques to infer from symbolic data what would be either too costly, no longer possible, or too obtrusive by the use of other techniques" (p . 51). Content analysis is a method that can be used in a number of disciples to study a number of issues. For instance in marketing, the method can be a very powerful tool in studying brand personalities of companies. A number of authors in marketing have used this method. These include Douglas & Mills (2006) who did a web content analysis of logging brand personality online using Aarker’s (1997) brand personality framework. Stemler (2001) noted that content analysis can be used to determine authorship. For example, he noted that Mosteller

Interpersonal Skills and a Happy Successful Living Research Paper

Interpersonal Skills and a Happy Successful Living - Research Paper Example The relation of a person with other people around him is known as an interpersonal relationship. The skilled interpersonal qualities are very necessary for living a comfortable life with good social relations. No one is born with social skills. Everyone learns, perceives and absorb the social norms and the ways of dealing people; which comes with time. The first school of social learning of a person is home. Home is the first place where one learns basic etiquettes, social norms and how to deal and respond to people. The basic learning of person is started and is leaned from home. And since then a journey of learning and improving the social skills is constant. The social skills and interpersonal skills of a person are experienced when he enters his professional life. And with time these skills are polished. The interpersonal skills vary from person to person. There are two types of  ­; introvert and extrovert. Both these kinds would be different and thus the relationship, communication, and level of dealing with communication with each type would be different. The interpersonal skills are also affected by the environment we grew in our personal preferences, the way we feel, the personality type etc. Interpersonal skills are needed everywhere. Whenever a person has to deal or communicate with other people the interpersonal skills of person are projected. Basically, there are three stages where interpersonal skills are needed; personal dealing, social interactions, and cooperation. All such relations such as friends, coworkers, family relatives, cousins, neighbors and peers all are included in interpersonal relations.

Samat pricing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Samat pricing - Essay Example Buying the product through an infomercial and shopping at the store both provide different channels for the same product. Purchasing an item on a website would be another channel a company could use to differentiate prices. ‘Regional pricing’ refers to the practice of pricing items differently in different regions, sometimes to better match local economies. Often cars are priced by regional pricing, and a person may pay more or less for a vehicle depending on the town, or even the country, in which they live. Anyone who has watched a home shopping network knows what ‘time based differentiation’ is. It is the practice of charging a different price based on how quickly a consumer gets an item or the length it takes to provide a service. Sometimes, if you â€Å"order now!† you’ll get a discount, or you may pay more if you ask for overnight shipping. When it is not possible for a company to use other sorts of price differentiation, ‘product v ersioning’ is a tactic that is sometimes used. The company creates slightly different ‘versions’ of the same product in order to adjust price by region or price sensitivity, justifying it by saying that it is a different version. The Apple corporation is known to do this sometimes with their ipod line. If the customer is unfamiliar with the features provided by the device, the company can simply repackage it into a slightly different package, and call it a new version, justifying any price changes they wish. Oftentimes, a company will offer coupons or rebates as a customer incentive. These are often beneficial financially to the company for several reasons. If a customer has a coupon for a particular item, they may go to a store they do not usually frequent to redeem it. This gets people in the door who may purchase additional items than the one they intended to come for. Also, in the case of rebates, since the customer must send them in after purchase and some l ose them or forget, this can sometimes lead to greater company profits. SECTION 2 Through the use of dynamic pricing, demand can be shifted from one period of time in a quarter or sales period to another. As available capacity increases, a shift is made in the product to another quarter by a changing the price. Through this practice, the company can attempt to predict the overall demand for their product. If sales are an uncertainty, a company may want to increase prices so that product manufacturing is controlled. This way, they do not create more supply than demand. Demand can change by season, and should be considered a variable. SECTION 3 The strategy of the Coca Cola Corportation was successful because it allowed the company to increase profit margins on days with a higher temperature. Consumers may have felt differently if they had realized that Coke was capitalizing on their thirst, and the heat, a factor that they the customer could not control. Some may have felt that they were being taken advantage of in this way. This example of price gouging was effective because the consumer at large accepted the situation and was unaware of the practice, they just knew they wanted their sodas. SECTION 4 [I WASN'T SURE THAT YOUR ANSWER TO THIS WAS ACTUALLY CORRECT, SO I TOOK THE LIBERTY OF REWRITING IT. IF YOU LIKE IT, PLEASE USE IT, IF NOT, DELETE THIS AND GO BACK TO YOUR PREVIOUS WORK.] In the case of the clothing company, Zara, they utilize a time sensitive outsourcing strategy. They outsource lines of clothing that are still selling, but

Group Dynamics Outline Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Group Dynamics - Outline Example This reduces the rate of conflict within the organization. As an illustration from the HS engineering sample the major conflicts that arise due to the change taking place within the organization include; loss in manufacturing industries, there is an expectation of 30% reduction in the financial status of the company. The different group dynamics established had their own needs that lead to the closure of some of them due to poor management. Group dynamics are concerned with how groups work within an organization. Groups, as organization develops due to the activities performed by the group members within an organization, group sentiments, and individual interaction within the group. It is in this case that, when individuals share a common activity they tend to work hard so as to achieve the common goal (Frey, 2000). As illustrated in HS engineering firm several group dynamics are established by the management who work with the aim of achieving a common goal. The following factors can be put into consideration so as to manage conflicts within the group dynamics that result from the introduction of change within the system. The managers can conduct frequent monitoring of the groups, the can dynamics group rotation among group dynamics. Greenberg (2000) holds the opinion that, the managers can develop a system that can be used to motivate workers to improve their working conditions that can result to positive outputs. Organizational politics can be controlled by the managers establishing a work flow between rhythms in work related activities and this does not entail work related activities. The managers are encouraged to assess the group from time to time to determine if there is any political influence within it. The managers are to provide support to each group with the visualized company objective that makes the group active throughout the system. For

Healthcare Costs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Healthcare Costs - Assignment Example A look into the year 2005, expenditure on health care was about $2 trillion or $6,697 per capita, which correspond to 16% of the GDP. The continued rise in health spending over the last four decades is going to go higher, and the expenditure will reach $4trillion, which is 20% of the GDP, by the year 2015. For many years, the continued increase in health care expenditure has been the center of heated debate in the US for many years. Research work and anecdotal reports influence further concerns. This points out that the rise in the health care expenditure is likely to harm the US economy. Expenditures on health care have the potential to affect an economy in a number of diverse and complex ways. In addition, the emerging effects may vary across all sectors of an economy as well as across population groups. One notable impact of increased expenditure on health care is the decline in the general economic growth. However, the same effect has the potential to boost economic growth in som e sectors of an economy. Therefore, gaining an understanding of how increased expenditure on health care affects the economy requires an evaluation through various dimensions (Eaton et al, 2002). The state, Federal, and the local governments have the duty to collect taxes from households and business premises. The tax collections help to finance public health insurance programs as well as providing direct health care to households. On the other hand, the businesses are responsible for providing employment to households and health insurance to their employees. Therefore, the households emerge as the final consumers of the health care and at the same time bear some costs on health care (Eaton et al, 2002). It is worth noting that the impacts of health care on a single sector are likely to affect results from other sectors. An example is a situation where the government reduces its expenditure on health care by reducing the eligibility for public health insurance. This action by the go vernment leads to an increase in un-insurance rates among households. At the same time, an increase in health care expenditure in also likely to cause an increase in taxes, reduction on investments on other critical sectors or increased government borrowing. It is also likely that companies will cut down employment and investment as a result of increased expenditures on health care (Eaton et al, 2002). The other likely effect of increased health care expenditures is inflation on the US economy. This will cause goods and services from the US to be less competitive in the international market because increased expenditures on health care will lead to an increase in product prices. Finally, increased expenditure on health care is likely to make health care inaccessible to many, produce bankrupt consumers, and reduce peoples’ retirement savings (Pauly et al, 2009). Impacts of the affordable health care for America Act HR 3962 On November, 2009, the House of representatives passed the Affordable Health Care for America Act with a vote of 220 to 215. The aim of this Act is to offer affordable, quality health care to all Americans. The bill is a multifaceted one and addresses diverse issues concerning the improvement of the health care system. Improvements on the health system include expansion of health insurance coverage, amending Medicare payments regulations in both traditional and advantage plans.

Introduction to Indigenous Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Introduction to Indigenous Australia - Essay Example The indigenous land rights have gain support from article 1 of the International Bill of Rights. This is the right of people to control their resources and wealth, self determination and maintain their ways of subsistence (Mugambwa, 2003). The Aboriginal land rights movement started out of the equal citizenships and civil rights campaigns, starting from 1920s to 1960s. As the community’s control grew in these civil rights organizations, the fight for the return of the stolen Aboriginal land took a pivotal role in 1960s and early 1970. There were a number of campaigns that shook the Australian community and led to a variety of major developments in the policy. However, funding dependency and the bureaucratization of the Aboriginal services delayed these campaigns early in the 1980s (Edwards, 2001). Australian Aborigines Progressive Association (AAPA) became founded in 1927 by Maynard and Lacey. This was Aboriginal first political party and its formation got stimulated by the re duction in the Aboriginal reserve land, dictatorial practices of Aborigines Board of Protection and a rise in the kidnappings of kids. Maynard declared that the original land owners were the Aboriginal and their rights are above all others. The party has often been regarded as a Christian organization by the Non Aboriginal Australians because of its motto, â€Å"One God, One Aim, and One Destiny† (Lee, 2006). It took about 10 years for success in the campaigns of changing Australian constitution. A referendum became passed in 1967 with more than a 90 percent vote count and became a successful exercise in public education about the Aboriginal, civil rights. The referendum was, however, not about the right to vote, as it became believed, but rather to allow the federal government to provide services and legislate for the Aboriginal people. The federal government power over the states is still a serious issue in the politics of Australia (Edwards, 2001). Meanwhile, a number of t he Aboriginal peoples at Yirkalla, in 1963, gave the Federal Parliament a petition complaining the excision of most of their land to one of the mining companies. They claimed that the land got to be used by the Yirkalla communities for hunting and gathering since time immemorial. The same resistance was also growing in Cape York, a place where the Aurukun and the Mapoon peoples got evicted by the federal government from their land. This was in order to pave the way for aluminum companies. Victoria in 1960 had witnessed a dispute over arranged Lake Tyers closure, under the assimilation policy (Lee, 2006). Laurie Moffat and Doug Nicholls joined the Lake Tyers elders to fight for the community control over the mission. The Victorian government in 1970 handed the Aboriginal people a freehold title to the reserve. Charles Perkins, In 1965 led students in freedom rides around the country, fighting apartheid ways in swimming pools, bars and theatres. In 1966, the people of Gurindji moved o ff the Wave Hill Station over a claim for equal and fair wages from their pastoral company employer, which later turn into a claim for the return of their ancestral land. The Gurindijis gained support both from the Aboriginal and the non Aboriginal organizations, which contributed to the 1960s equal pay cases. The Gurindji claim became partly met 10 years later when the Labor Government gave back some parts of their land. The Larrakia claim

Research Topic & Research Proposal Essay Example for Free

Research Topic Research Proposal Essay 1. What do you think of a good research topic? What are the key elements of a good research topic? A good research topic should be of a clear objectives and purpose. It should generate question to discover and find out the underlying problem or understanding a current situation. Therefore the elements of a good research topic is feasibility, are the resources available? How long the research could take and can that be done with a timeline or it needs to be extended. What are the factors that affect the accuracy of the research and what are the variables that need to be considered In order to assure the up to date presentation of results. Is it worthwhile? Is it relevant to what is used for and search about can what values the research will add into the current practices of the organization? 1. Assume that you interested in doing some research on the impact of quality management practices on organizational performance. Write four research questions that may be appropriate. What are the current quality management practices?  What is the link between the quality practices and organization performance   To how extend the quality practices effect the overall organization? Are the employees aware of the importance of quality management concept? What is the impact of quality management on employees behavior?   What are the areas of development addressed by the quality management practices? And how it does tactfully eliminate or change the defined shortfalls. How do the overall objectives of the company align with quality management practices? What are the quality management practices standards used in the organization? And does it match ISO 9001:2008 quality standards? 3. What is a research proposal? What are the purposes and key elements of a proposal? Definition: â€Å"It is a document that is typically written by a scientist or academic which describes the ideas for an investigation on a certain topic. The research proposal outlines the process from beginning to end and may be used to request financing for the project, certification for performing certain parts of research of the experiment, or as a required task before beginning a college dissertation†. Purpose: There are lots of purposes of research proposal and that could be to investigate an enquiry, finding out about something worthwhile in a particular context. Could be of business ground where is used to finalize a deal or evaluate several supplier for a business proposal. Other purposes is to convince the concerned parties about i.g. a product by showing the results of the research.

Consensus and Conflict Theories of Education

Consensus and Conflict Theories of Education What are the principal differences between consensus and conflict approaches to the sociological analysis of education? The sociological study of education focuses upon the effects that social institutions and individual characters have upon the education system. Education is often seen as positive social practice which thrives to identify personal skills and talents, and subsequently build upon them. Consensus social theorists support this approach with structural functionalism claiming education to have many positive functions. Education is essential to maintain the modern workforce. This view, however, is not universal; with Marxists taking a contradictory view that education works to reproduce social inequalities, therefore providing negative functions for society. This conflict approach claims that the education system does not promote equality but instead transmits capitalist norms and values, benefitting the ruling class and leaving the working class at a disadvantage. One of the main purposes of education, according to the consensus approach of functionalism, is that of socialization. This is described by Bilton (1996: 12) as the process through which individuals ‘learn the ways of thought and behaviour considered appropriate in society. Primary socialization is administered informally by the family. This process is then continued with the provision of a more formal style of secondary socialization by other institutions within society. According to Durkheim (1925) and Parsons (1959), both key consensus theorists, education plays an essential role in this secondary socialization, albeit in different ways, by performing functions that the family is unable to. This is done through the teaching of specific skills for specialised occupations, but also, possibly more importantly in Durkheims eyes, through the socialization of the common norms and values of society. The teaching of religious and historical beliefs helps to create a child with a sen se of identity within the community. Fulcher and Scott (2007: 321) feel it was, however, the moral aspect of the secondary socialization provided by the education system that concerned Durkheim the most. Through discipline within school, children are taught morally acceptable behaviour. However, rather than simply being forced to obey, it is essential that they are made to understand and appreciate the moral code of wider society, causing them to go on to choose to behave in a moral way. Hargreaves (1982) commented on the idea that the education system should promote social solidarity, the concept of providing pupils with a sense of community. Aspects of school, such as all wearing the same uniform and participating in group charity or sporting events help to provide pupils with a sense of belonging within the school, but also provide links with the wider community, and society as a whole. The moral significance of education is also recognised by Parsons; however it is the value of individual achievement which he focuses upon. This sense of achievement was the central aspect to a functioning industrial society in mid-twentieth-century America, where Parsons was studying. Although their approaches differed, both Durkheim and Parsons focused upon the positive functions of education for society. Another key concept in the consensus approach to the sociological study of education is that of meritocracy. That is the idea, endorsed by Parsons, of a social system in which rewards are gained for individual hard work, talent and ability. In such a situation, people would be rewarded for their effort, and not on the basis of other characteristics such as age, gender, ethnicity, class. Thus giving all children within the education system an equal opportunity to succeed. An example of an attempt to create a meritocratic school system is that of the tripartite system put in place by the 1944 Butler Act. By the creation of Grammar, Secondary and Secondary Technical schools the government was recognising the need for equality of opportunities, and therefore attempting to suit the abilities of children to right type of schooling. It also provided free education for all children between the ages of 5 and 15, regardless of their class background, emphasising this attempt to create equal op portunity. This system has been criticised, however, as even though it did mean that the 11+ was open to all, the test itself was said to be written in middle class language, therefore meaning that the working class were still left at a disadvantage. This led to it being said that the system was actually leaning towards Marxism, rather than functionalist ideas, as it appeared to reproduce social class inequalities. On the other hand, the conflict approach of Marxism opposes the view that we should assume that the education system serves to meet the needs of society as an entirety. Within society there is a significant conflict of interests, and therefore needs, between capital and labour. This demonstrates a capitalist society in which the ruling class owns the means of production, bringing them power over the working class. We should therefore, according to Marxists, not view education as meeting the needs of society as w hole, but instead as meeting the needs of the bourgeoisie. In order to maintain a state of false class consciousness, capitalism requires a workforce that is obedient, passive and motivated who are prepared to work hard at the benefit of the ruling class without question. According to Bowles and Gintis, the education system was the main means used by capitalism to produce such workers. The correspondence principle (1976: 131) claims that what working class students are taught in schools mirrors that of what goes in the workplace. The qualities that the workforce are required to have are taught to students in schools. This is done through the curriculum and the hidden curriculum (Illich, 1973 in Fulcher and Scott, 2007). Aside from the formal curriculum, the subjects which provide students with academic knowledge, vocational skills and qualifications, Illich identified a hidden curriculum. This hidden curriculum teaches pupils patterns of behaviour such as punctuality, meeting deadlines and accepting authority. The working class are unaware of this covert curriculum that is being imposed upon them. Along with the acceptance of hierarchy, the hidden curriculum also leads the working class to believe that they are part of a meritocratic society; in they will gain the rewards for working hard. Therefore meaning that they will conform in the hope of long term gratification, however it is just another way for the ruling class to keep them passive. It is also helps to justify inequality, as the working class are led to believe that everyone is equal, however, in reality; the middle class are receiving more encouragement. Another way in which the correspondence theory works is by connecting levels reached within the education system to that of occupational levels (Fulcher and Scott: 327). When in the lower levels of the education system, obedience is emphasized, as it is in low-level occupations. This pattern continued with intermediate levels in education when more independent work is encouraged. Once a student reaches higher education they are expected to be both self-motivated and self-disciplines, essentially a completely independent worker, just as those in senior levels of occupation. Therefore, the level a student reaches in education determines the occupational level they will stay at. This is another way in which education reproduces social inequalities. Bowles and Gintis, like the Marxist perspective in general, have however been criticised for being too deterministic. It is too presumptuous to claim that everyone is going to conform to the rules and remain passive. The education system, also, could not produce complete conformity of the working class without the support of the family. As can be seen there are a number of differences and varying ideas between the consensus and conflict approaches to the sociology of education, however they are all based on the idea that functionalism (a consensus approach) identifies education as providing society with positive functions, however the conflict approach recognises the education system as a negative body which reproduces social inequalities and is detrimental to the masses. Where functionalism sees education as meeting the needs of society as a whole, capitalism instead claims for it to serve the needs of the ruling class and ignore those of the rest of society. References Banks, O. 1978. The Sociology of Education. London: Batsford. Barton, L. And Walker, S. 2007. Sociological perspectives and the study of education. In: Meighan, R. and Harber, C. A Sociology of Educating. (Fifth Edition), London: Continuum. pp. 282-298. Bilton, T. et al. 1996. Introduction to Sociology. (Third edition), London: Palgrave Macmillan. Bowles, S. and Gintis, H. 1976. Schooling in Capitalist America: educational reform and the contradictions of economic life. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Fulcher, J. and Scott, J. 2007. Sociology. (Third Edition), New York: Oxford University Press. Trowler, P. 2003. Education Policy. (Second Edition), London: Routledge.

Congress And The Presidency Essay -- Political Science

The president is the foreign policy leader for the United States with an important political, military and economic role in the international arena. If there is collision between the president and congress, can congress restrain the president in foreign policy making? The era of globalization has witnessed the growing influence of a number of unconventional international actors, from non-governmental organizations, to multi-national corporations, to global political movements. Traditional, state-centric definitions of foreign policy as "the policy of a sovereign state in its interaction with other sovereign states is no longer sufficient. Several alternative definitions are more helpful at highlighting aspects of foreign policy traditionally neglected. The first views foreign policy as "those external goals for which the nation is prepared to commit its resources". By focusing on what a country does rather than what it says, this pragmatic definition usefully separates a country's rhetoric from its true intent and its material capabilities. However, lack of action can also constitute a policy-the policy of an isolationist state is defined by its very unwillingness to commit resources. A second conceptualization of foreign policy is as "the range o f actions taken by varying sections of the government of a state in its relations with other bodies similarly acting on the international stage...in order to advance the national interest". Notable here is the recognition that governments do not act as monolithic, static entities, and that non-state actors may at times be as influential as states. However, the assumption that governments always know what is in the "national interest" and always rationally work towards its realiza... ... President's interests. The number of Vice Presidents who have later become President suggests that this concern may not be entirely incomprehensible. The enormous amount of infighting and politics between (and within) departments should not be underestimated. Factions are formed, rumors spread, information leaked, and consensuses forged. When making decisions, each department "will tend to concentrate on acquiring information that protects and advances its own interests or its view of the national interest". This inevitably leads to oversimplification and a favoring of men and women of action rather than deep, strategic thinkers, whose voices tend to get lost in the fray. One of the attributes of a good President is the ability to recognize and rectify imbalances in his administration. Failure to do so can lead to an unrepresentative and irresponsible foreign policy.

Vegetarianism Essay -- Healthy Lifestyle Essay

â€Å"Let food be thy medicine and thy medicine be thy food.† stated Hippocrates, the father of Western medicine, 460-377 BC (Silverstone 15). Every American should live by this quote, but things have drastically changed since Hippocrates voiced that divine statement . Nowadays peoples personification of health has nothing to do with what we consume on an everyday basis. Our generation, most certainly will drive straight to McDonalds’s for a Big Mac without hesitation of the harm it is doing to your body. Education of health is essential; people need to learn what they are eating and how it will affect them in the long run. Due to mega rich corporations and institutions, they are keeping all of us in this denial because of pouring millions of dollars into efforts to keep us from knowing what is truly going on (Silverstone 16). Whether it’s to help reduce your risk of diseases, or purely to attain better health, leaving farmed animals entirely out of your diet is an effortless decision with life-long benefits. Plant-based diets will strengthen your immune system, beautify your skin, increase your energy, and reduce risk of various diseases (Silverstone 1). Being vegetarian is a step in the right direction by protecting your health, animals, and the environment. As a human being, by nature are we meant to be meat-eaters? Giehl et al. argues that â€Å"It has been discovered that the diet of any animal in its natural state fits to its anatomical structure and established body functions. With attentive analysis, it is evident that humans are not naturally suited to a diet which includes flesh.† For example, when you look at meat animals such as wolfs, lions, hyenas, etc their fang teeth are built to rip flesh and devour meat. It would be vir... ... only do I feel fitter on daily basis, my body hasn't been seriously sick since being vegetarian. I actually was convinced to finally give up meat after reading the book â€Å"The Kind Diet† by Alicia Silverstone. I have never been fond of killing animals but once educating myself I knew I could never go back to consuming meat. Being healthy, protecting animals, and saving the environment are the key reasons to become a vegetarian. Adapting to a vegetarian lifestyle will benefit you in several ways and contribute to making our society more livable. Your making a difference, and taking a stand for what you believe in. There are plenty of appetizing recipes for a vegetarian, you will never lack from inefficient amount of food. If you choose to eat meat or not, taking vegetarianism into consideration can only feed your body with nutrients and elongate your delicate life.

50 Shades- Feminist Theory

Erica Freedman 1-24-2013 Feminist Theories in Intercultural Perspective- Hoffman The explosively popular 50 Shades of Grey series depicts Ana Steele, an aspiring young writer who quickly falls into the clutches of an extremely seductive and successful Christian Grey in a dominant/ submissive love story. Easily sweeping the young and restless girl off her feet, Grey’s confident and demanding presence starkly contrasts Ana’s who is known to self deprecate and hide behind plain clothing or a pile of books.From the onset it is clear that stereotyping Ana as frail and naive are what allow Christian to appear as the ultimate prince charming. Ana is initially depicted as independent: hyper-focused on a successful career in the literary world, the perfect daughter and the perfect student who has never had time for a boyfriend. Her best friend and roommate Kate is even more self-sufficient as the requisite foil with the outspoken personality and journalistic go-getter attitude. When Kate and Ana lose site of their goals due to the handsome pair of successful brothers, two gender aspects are highlighted.Kate’s strength is suddenly depicted as a mask that was disguising her truly feminine and love seeking qualities. Her priorities become completely disheveled and all she begins to desire is spending more time with her new infatuation. Ana grapples with a watered down battle of morality where she claims to feel immense discomfort in having an overpowering lover who can get her to do anything he wants, while still wanting to make her own way. This idea is consistently undermined by her actions throughout the story.For instance, after saving herself for the perfect person for twenty-two years, Ana is convinced to giver herself away in a one-night stand with Grey. Immediately past this point, Christian places Ana in a highly-controlled, powerless relationship where he stalks her, takes all of her time and insists on buying her things she supposedly does n ot desire–including a new wardrobe and a higher position in a publishing company that he decides to acquire a few weeks after she begins interning there.Anastasia is suddenly incapable of talking to one of her closest friends, Jose, because of Christian’s overwhelming jealousy. Ultimately, Anastasia caves to his wishes on that front as well. As sexually liberated and filled with love as Christian makes Ana feel, he also easily and quickly strips her of as much of her independence as he can. It is these traits that make the existence of their relationship possible. Without Ana’s willingness to adhere to Christian’s expectations and demands, she cannot have him, and so she does what is expected of her instead.

The Great Water Debate

The Great Water Debate Canada is a country that is well known for being a global competitor due to its vast natural resources. However, the trade of some resources has been a subject of argument for many years; specifically water. It is a well-known fact that Canada has a fifth of the world’s fresh water resources. Making Canada the target of many global and domestic arguments ranging from â€Å"No Way! † to â€Å"Without any doubt, certainly! Beyond personal opinion, there is also the issue of whether, under the terms of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), water is a â€Å"vital resource† like the air we breathe, or a â€Å"commodity† to be sold and traded. No matter the personal opinion of the people, the federal government usually has the last say, however, in this case, the decision is down to the provincial governments. â€Å"There is a voluntary provincial ban on bulk exports, but any province could break it any time, and would it not withstand a NAFTA challenge† .However, Canada does still trade water but not in the expected manner. Canada sells water in containers (no larger than 30 liters) to other countries. There are a lot of advantages to exporting Canadian water in bulk. â€Å"Canada has only a half percent of the world's population but it holds one-fifth of the planet's freshwater supply† . A big thing to consider is about 7%-9% of the fresh water is renewable, this means that even though Canadians have the second highest water usage in the world, they still have an excess amount of water left over.This is water that if commoditized, could turn Canada’s economy around. Resulting in a huge profit for the government which can help support Canada’s public healthcare system or even cut the country’s taxes. These are all the advantages of treating water as a commodity, allowing the selling and trading of it internationally. However, there are huge disadvantages to trading Cana dian water internationally in bulk which in my opinion easily out weight the advantages offered in this situation. One thing to consider is that Water is not only a need by human being but by all living things the ecosystem.If Canadian lakes’ waters are to be decreased by simply an inch, it can affect hundreds of living things and cause chaos to the natural order of things. Therefore, it is clear that it will be harmful for the environment. Second thing to consider is that the cost of transporting water internationally may be over-whelming for the government and might not worth it. The price that the water would be sold at once it reaches the target country might be under the total cost of transportation or just barely over, resulting in it not being a good investment at all.Thirdly, in contrary to popular belief, only 1 per cent of water in the Great Lakes is renewable; leading me into the next point that â€Å"Once it’s gone, it’s gone†. Water is a fini te resource. Exporting water at bulk permanently will result in even more Lakes drying up than already, due to the climate change. Lastly, at some time in the near future, water bankruptcy around the world will result. A United Nations study that says by the year 2025 – less than 25 years – two-thirds of the world will be â€Å"water-poor. † If Canada manages to conserve its resources of fresh water till the much dreaded year of 2025.Canada can be making many times the profit that they would be currently making if they were to export all their water now. With all the given points, it seems quite clear that reserving Canada’s water for the future is an intelligent and environmentally friendly decision. There is also another aspect to consider when making the decision of whether selling Canada’s water internationally is a good idea or not. That is the ethical issue of selling water. â€Å"Water is an essential need, a public trust, not a commodity. It belongs to everyone and to no one. – Canadian Environmental Law Association. Without water, no human being or any living creature in fact would live longer than a couple of days. By putting a price tag on water, Canada would be allowing the rich to enjoy an excess amount of water and purchase at will while the poor will have to die of thirst throughout the world. Another aspect to consider is, as previously stated, the killing of many living organisms that live and use the lake’s fresh water. By removing water from the lakes, Canada would cause a global rage and hatred towards itself by activists around the world.As previously stated, my personal point of view is that Canada should not sell its water internationally; at least, not yet. Water is not a commodity to be bought and sold. Bulk water exports will not address the issues of water scarcity. Allowing water to be traded as an export would create a market system that would determine access to water by ability to pay. Considering these points, I still do not believe that it should be banned; instead, it should be saved for a great profit opportunity for the future when water becomes as valuable as the oil in middle east. By: Amir Sheidaei

Diplomatic History Essay

Operation Rolling Thunder refers to an intense onslaught carried out by the United States against the North Vietnamese in the period between 1965-1968. The rationale behind this attack was not clear, as even its chief architects believe it was not clear-cut. No one had put into consideration the political costs and loss of lives. President Johnson hoped that with this onslaught, he would boost the dying morale of the southern Vietnamese by impressing upon them the Americans might. This however achieved the opposite by diminishing his political standing at home and did not help to bring the North Vietnamese to the negotiating table as was hoped. The Six-Day War is a war that pitted Israel on one side against Jordan, Egypt and Syria. These countries had vowed not to recognize the legitimacy of Israel and wanted it destroyed, however Israel victory dealt these countries a huge blow and they retreated after it became apparent that Israel would reach their capital. This war brought a near clash between two superpowers then, the United States and the Soviet Union, with the U. S behind Israel and USSR behind the Arab states. This war had put the U. S in a tight spot as it did not want to sour its relations with the Arabs or its diplomatic ties with Israel. This is seen as the reason why the U. S exercised restrain and only aided Israel with weapons but no direct intervention. The Iran Contra Scandal occurred in 1987 and refers to a deal entered into by president Reagan’s administration and Iran. The United States was to supply Iran with weapons so that it would facilitate and press for the release of American hostages held by the Hezbollah. This scandal tarnished the U. S stand abroad of not negotiating with terrorists and also led to the plummeting of Reagan’s popularity. It would also see the conviction of some high-ranking officials. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev of Russia was the last president of the United Soviet Socialist Republic before it collapsed in 1991. He is hailed for having initiated the move that led to the end of cold war. He introduced reforms in Russia and tightened the relations with President Ronald Regan, ending the cold war and consequently the breaking up the USSR. It is during this tenure that the relations between the USSR and the U. S were improved. Core to his reforms was re-introduction of ties with the west. Kosovo, Yugoslavia, had been rocked by fighting between Albania guerillas and Serb forces. The United States and NATO forces stepped in to help quell the fighting resulting to what came to be known as Operation Allied Forces that initiated an onslaught against Serbia till Slobodan Milosevic withdrew from Kosovo. The United States over the years was actively involved in the process meant to restore peace although the congress did not expressly authorize the air strikes nor block them. To date The UN Resolution 1244 has failed to establish the status of Kosovo. The United States has been supporting what is referred to as the Ahtisaari plan that seeks to have Kosovo supervised. Russia is opposing the plan and vows to use the Veto power should the situation demand. The Dayton Accords refer to the peace agreements that saw the end of the Bosnia war in 1995. This agreement was the culmination of a series of negotiations that had before been unfruitful. The United States and Russia had been mounting pressure for the warring sides to accept negotiations. These negotiations held in Ohio brought together a cross section of leaders from the region. This was done under the tutelage of the U. S secretary of state Warren Christopher together with the representatives of European Union. The Official peace pact was to be signed in France by Clinton, John Major, and Jacques Chirac amongst others. This pact was to see the international community lead the implementation of the treaty backed by the NATO forces. Ngo Dinh Diem was born in 1901. He went to the United States due to political turmoil at home. In the US he would meet the then influential leaders where he reiterated his opposition to colonialism and communism in his bid to gain their approval. He succeeded and the United States installed him as the president hoping he would become a U. S puppet. This however did not happen and he was oppressive of the Southern Vietnamese. He rigged the elections that were to follow and imprisoned opposition leaders and critics. The United States was torn between a rock and a hard place, it risked being stuck with an unpopular leader who was unable to unite Vietnam and in turn lose the country to the communists. This is what led CIA to sanction a plot to have Diem assassinated by failing to offer the protection they were giving him before. Consequently he was assassinated in 1963 and his place taken by Nguyen Van Thieu. The relationship between the United States and PLO can only be described as that of perpetual hostility towards each other. To the United States, PLO represented a major threat to its interests and ally in Middle East. PLO also saw the U. S as a threat and that is why it aligned itself with the USSR and took a strong anti-American stance. In spite of this standoff, the United States initiated a dialogue between the two in 1988. PLO accepted the status of Israel and agreed to denounce terrorism hence triggering the dialogue. All along there had been a long stand-off between the two as PLO had refused to acknowledge the existence of Israel while in turn the U. S had not recognized PLO as the voice of the Palestine people. By accepting to negotiate with the PLO, PLO saw this as a form of recognition and it felt that it had won against the U. S’ hard stance. The U. S stand against PLO and the initiation of the talks has always been a defining moment in Middle East because it gave an international recognition, in line with the UN resolutions, a nation it considered a terrorist movement. The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) fronted by President Reagan, aimed at developing a system that would use ground and space systems to defend the United States in case of a nuclear ballistic missiles attack. This system did not succeed as it was intended to, but it is hailed as being the basis under which the current anti-ballistic missiles were made. All these efforts and research was put under the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization that was brought together in 1984 to oversee all matters relating to missile defense. The Taliban are a Sunni Islamic movement that was at the helm of leadership in Afghanistan for a period of five years up to 2001 when they were removed from power by a coalition of forces led by the united states. It has a rather interesting history as in its early days it was supported by the United States to fight off the communists who wanted to take over Afghanistan. After taking over power in 1998, the Taliban hard stance, Sharia law, suppression and persecutions did not endear it to many countries including the United States which saw it as harboring terrorists such as the Al Qaeda. It was ousted from power by a coalition of forces and the Northern alliance in what came to be known as war on terror. Part 2 President Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger remain the two of the most important figures in the United States as far as foreign policy is concerned. No doubt that Nixon’s administration was riddled with a scandal that would lead to his resignation. Critics agree however that his tenure was not without some important accomplishments. Appropriately President Nixon came into power when the cold war had intensified and the world was at the brink of war with the United States and the Soviet Union rocked into a perpetual duel that was threatening a peaceful co-existence between the West and East. President Nixon was elected on a platform of ending American forces engagement in Vietnam. This, he achieved although his withdrawal was rather slow much to the consternation of many Americans. It had seemed that Nixon rather believed that he could correct the mess he had inherited in Vietnam, snatch victory and withdraw the troops honorably. This however did not happen and the events that followed remain his lowest moments in leadership. Nixon and Kissinger were advocating a foreign policy that would see the United States pursue an effort to limit the expansion of the Soviet bloc influence, support militarily and economically any governments that would aid their course whether or not such governments were repressive or had poor ratings as far as civil rights are concerned. This would explain why this tenure was characterized by overthrowal from power popularly elected regimes and supplanting them with dictatorial leaderships. Iran and Chile serves as good attestation to this. The key objective of Nixon administration was to keep communism in check at whatever cost even if it meant trampling on the civil rights of the citizens and dropping hundreds of bombs. The Vietnam War still remains the biggest to both Kissinger and Nixon’s profiles. Faced with growing opposition and plummeting opinion ratings, Nixon remained aloof and initiated attacks in Vietnam while hoodwinking the American public by withdrawing the forces bits by bits. To his administration ‘place with honor’ remained the key strategy. It is Detente that remains the hallmark of his achievements, on top of his ability to limit and finally withdraw American forces from Vietnam. In Detente he promised to ease relations with the former archrivals of America. It was a new type of diplomacy that would see a permanent relaxation of relations between the superpowers, even the nations that were perceived as enemies before. This, he accomplished by improving the relations between the United States and China. Kissinger was Nixon’s key operative. He was highly secretive to the extent that his meeting with Chinese officials was unknown to the ambassador of the U. S to China, George Bush snr. However he was able to improve the sour relation that existed. This was in the Nixon’s bid to woo China after it had fallen out with the Soviet bloc and consequently tilt the balance to his advantage. Aided by the Kissinger, Nixon introduced what was referred to as the Nixon Doctrine; this is what formed the basis of his foreign policy. The United States, to maintain its influence would provide military support to its allies but not in any way provide troops. In wooing China, Nixon and Kissinger who were realists, had reconciled that China was far much important to be ignored in the international scene being the most populous. This also gave impetus to his re-election bid especially as the Ping Pong diplomacy had drawn a perception that he identified with the common voter. Through the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty of 1972 (SALT), the United States and the Soviet Union agreed to curtail further production of high range ballistic missiles as well as their defense systems. This ‘strategic parity’, as many scholars refer to it, was to be a substitute to the arms race. The Soviet bloc agreed to this immediately probably fearing the improved relations between China and the United States. To wrap up Nixon achievements in foreign policy was his visit to China, where he became the first president to do so; this had privately been arranged by Kissinger. He also went to Moscow where he and Brezhner signed the SALT and trade agreements. The shuttle diplomacy also said off relatively where Henry Kissinger was able to broker a peace deal with Israel an Arab in the Yom Kippur war. In this war the U. S had been torn between a rock and a hard place. It sought to protect Israel and did not want to scuttle its friendship with the Arab states. Although Nixon had the above achievements, his mistakes or miscalculations further outweighed the accomplishments. Many people in U. S and internationally remember him for his misdeeds more that these achievements. His administration single handedly put the image of the United States as a champion of civil rights and peace into disrepute. To start with was his handling of the Vietnam War. He was unable to come to terms with the fact that the United States could lose the war and was willing to put the lives of American soldiers on the line to drive this point home, but to no avail. Despite cutting his stature in the international limelight as a statesman by establishing ties with china, the question of Vietnam is still very troublesome to both Nixon and Kissinger. Nixon had vowed to win peace. Vietnamization or the concerted attack in Laos and Cambodia put a permanent dent on his reputation. He hoped that these would paint an image of a ‘madman’ and compel Hanoi to reach a favorable agreement. These attacks prompted Americans to take to the streets in protest especially as it became apparent that he had dropped all pretext of diplomacy. Although Kissinger was able to bring the warring parties into negotiations, the terms were not any different from the ones that north Vietnam had brought to the table in 1969, an indication that all those years of attack and loss of lives had not borne fruits especially to the United States. It is the Watergate scandal however that broke the camels back and forced Nixon out of office. The Watergate scandal remains the greatest evidence of the atrocities committed by the United States where both Kissinger and Nixon undermined democracy in the third world and brought bloodshed. It is these atrocities that led to calls by civil and human rights activists to have Kissinger investigated for crimes against humanity. After the scandal, the United States was not credible in its self-proclaimed international role. Oil crises would loom in the U. S as the Middle East placed embargoes. There was also a political re-alignment with disillusionment characterizing the Republican Party. Kissinger however was left unscathed and went on to serve as the secretary of state in Ford and Carters administration. Nixon’s presidency is a tenure that many Americans would wish to put behind.

Ground Rules in the Classroom

â€Å"No group can work successfully without rules that govern interactions and behaviour† (Minton 2005). Ground rules in a classroom depends largely on the type and the length of the course and the ages, ability and life experiences of the group being taught. Ground rules need to be set out at the beginning of a course to establish what is expected from the learners in terms of behaviour and mutual respect of fellow learners and the teacher. A good tool to use to implement these rules would be an â€Å"ice breaker† whereby the teacher would ask the learners to write down their own ideas of the perfect learning environment for them; for example, a brainstorming activity. The learners could then share their ideas with their peers and through a general consensus come up with a list of rules they wish to implement in their classroom. The teacher would make the rules manageable, tailoring the rules according to the needs of the learners and so giving the learners ownership of their own rules. The teacher would support, motivate, encourage and persuade the learners. Adult learners will usually feel resentful and alienated if a teacher takes a command and control approach in their style of teaching. Behaviour and respect are mutually interlinked. Good teacher/learner relationships and peer relationships are based on mutual respect. The learner respects the teacher for their teaching skills, personal qualities, knowledge and professionalism and the teacher respects the learner as an individual and their attempts to learn. All rules underpin behaviour and respect for others as respect and behaviour are mutually inclusive. Overt behaviour comes from respect.

Insanity Defense

Insanity Defense Donita Estes, Patrick Fostso, Jennia McCray, Yasmine McGee, Inga Payne CJA/354 October 22, 2012 Samara Belgarde, J. D. Insanity Defense The criminal justice system in America is one of the fair systems in the world where anyone will be innocent until proven of guilt. The whole concept of the court system emphasizes how our laws work regardless where we come from and how we look like or healthy or not anyone is entitles of due process. The idea that our justice and court system are fair to anyone on trial due to an arrest by probable cause and sentencing by a verdict guilty and not guilty of the jury.In the case or State v. Stu Dents, where the defendant was accused of killing his former girlfriend. We are going to elaborate how the charge of insanity can be plead in the defense case and in the other hand give some understanding how this plead play a role in the defendant case during the trial and after the trial in some states and particular California. Does your tea m feel this defendant is competent to stand trial? Why or why not? We believe that the defendant may not be competent to stand trial, due to the fact that he had has emotionally and mental issues.The defendant has no knowledge of the crime or its consequences, if put on the stand he may revert back to that emotional state of mind and will not be able to give and accurate statement and will not be able to understand charges and sentencing. What is required in your state for an insanity defense? First of all, let’s understand the issue here, Mr. Dents was arrested of the killing his former girlfriend Uma Opee. Mr. Dents was charge by the state on theses: Homicide, Assault of a police, officer, Burglary and crimes related to drugs. After all these charges, the defendant pleads not guilty due to reason of insanity.In California, insanity can be called as an affirmative insanity: According to Schmalleger. F& Dolatowski, J (2010), an affirmative defense is a status that define some one who committed an unlawful act and requested an excuse for the behave due to the criminal conduct (Insanity). In California the defense need to show some aspect of legal defense such as: Defendant does not understand the nature of the act, Defendant does not know was wrong, Defendant does not have self-control, Defendant needs to show at the time he has a history of mental diseases against his ability to define between right and wrong.During sentencing of the insanity plea the jury can deliberate the sanity claim on many ways such as: -Hung jury will give the court of making determination if there is enough evidence to retry the defendant on sanity only. If the jury returns a unanimous of not guilty by reason of insanity the defendant will be committed at the state mental hospital. In the other hand in California, it will be difficult for the defense because the prosecutor will bring their own medical expert to show that the defendant has the ability to see between what’s right and wrong.What steps must be taken to prove insanity? Insanity defense is the defense which has a role of claiming that their client, the defendant was not in a state of understanding what he or she did due to mental disorder. This is to clarify that in this state the defendant does not bear any responsibility of the alleged actions. In this case insanity is a term used legally and not a medical one, so a court decides on whether to involve medical professionals or not. Definition of mental illness varies in a range of jurisdictions.The term insanity is under the guide line of the jurisdictions statutory and that cannot be defined by use of the medical definition (Fersch, 2005). As the defense team of in the case of State v. Stu Dents there should be the burden of proof. Our client, Stu Dents is charged of homicide, assault of police officer, kidnapping, burglary, and crimes related to drugs. Homicide is understood as killing of person due to omission or act of another. Kidnap ping is going against somebody’s will by taking him from one place to another without letting him or her exercise freedom.Burglary is considered as theft by entering into someone’s resident without permission. Homicidal offence, in side with drugs, is considered as a felony together with kidnapping and burglary. In their nature, they are considered as serious and punishable by death or long sentence (Cole, 2008). Considering the charges, there should be the burden of proof. It is clear that anybody accused before the court is innocent until he or she is proven guilty. The ultimate factor to consider in this case is the intent and mental element. It is clear that at the time when our client, Mr.Stu Dent was being arrested, he was not all well. He was irrational, agitated, and combative, and when officers tried to hand cuff him he was screaming and yelling, mentioning unrealistic phrases for instance he said he was God. The reality is our client was mentally instable. Fo r the offence of homicide it not clear that our client was the one who entered in Uma Opee resident, and it is not known if there were signs of using force and if he used a key to gain access to his girl friend’s residence. Finally, after the toxicology reports our client Mr.Stu Dents, was not under the influence of drugs. It is justified that Mr. Stu Dents is not mentally stable therefore, he do not deserve to go to prison rather to go for psychiatric care (Ciolino, 2000). Court issues members of the panel of judges that the accused do not account for the act due to the reason of mental illness. If the evidence presented is found to have doubts about his her sanity, then there is need to establish sanity of the one accused (Cole, 2008). Burden of proof-the accused bears the burden of proving to the defense by use of convincing and clear evidence.Defendant is required to show sufficient evidence, creating a reasonable doubt to justify sanity. This determined by the prosecutor after considering the evidence (Cole, 2008). If the accused is found to be insane there for he or she is not responsible of any criminal conduct due to his or her state of mental health (Cole, 2008). Conclusion Finally, you do not consider the opinions of the experts who testified of the matter but you must consider the defendants sanity when the criminal conduct happened, viewing the evidence presented lightly then concluding the truth of the matter.References Ciolino, P. J. , & Castle, G. E. (2000). Advanced forensic criminal defense investigations. Tucson, AZ: Lawyers & Judges Pub. Co. Cole, G. F. , & Smith, C. E. (2008). Criminal justice in America. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth. Fersch, E. A. (2005). Thinking about the insanity defense: Answers to frequently asked questions With case examples. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse. Schmalleger, F. , Hall, D. E. , & Dolatowski, J. J. (2010). Criminal law today. (4th Ed. ) Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. http://www. californiamentalhea lthlawyer. com http://www. shouselaw. com

Reflective writing .. Developing the Professional Essay

Reflective writing .. Developing the Professional - Essay Example These developments are an explanation of my progress as recorded in the draft of this essay and in the assessment in Assignment 1. I shall base this reflection essay on Kolb’s Learning Cycle, since it was my guide throughout this module. Kolb’s learning Cycle helped me considerably in understanding the different components of effective learning, which I applied throughout this semester. My application of the Kolb’s cycle of learning was not only in this module, but also on the other modules that I covered this semester. Aside from explaining the responses, I shall also go through a number of interesting topics that we covered in class, sharing the most captivating segments. My reflection shall also bring out my experiences during group work. I shall also highlight how the experiences contributed to my development. In so doing, I shall employ the use of frameworks, models and theories within the module to communicate my understanding and development throughout my studies in this module. The information in this reflection shall be my honest assessment of myself as recorded in the documents attached in the Appendix section of this paper. One of the most interesting topics in this module, according to me, is Active Learning. This topic was a revelation, considering the fact that even during my undergraduate program; I was not exposed to knowledge on how different individuals are with regard to learning styles, values and personality. I understood that the process of learning depended much on the personality that a person has (Burbank, 2008).This revelation changed my approach to learning, making me develop a positive attitude towards learning new things, regardless of how difficult they appeared. This topic also helped me to understand the difference that my learning style had compared to my classmates, and how as a member of a study group I could help turn this diversity into a powerful tool for

Impact of Technology on Employee Training Research Paper

Impact of Technology on Employee Training - Research Paper Example Technology may include software programs or hardware which get incorporated into organizations. For maximum production, employees need to get trained on the new technology. As organizations invest in new technology, so does employee training become necessary (Daft, 2009). Training and IT departments in organizations get involved with provisioning the employees with the necessary techniques required for handling the technology. Management and stakeholders want to see technology acquired implemented in the organization, and it is therefore, necessary for employees to get trained. This paper will discuss the impact of technology in employee training. Importance of employee training When a firm acquires new technology, it is vital for the company to train its employees to ensure the overall success of the technology getting incorporated. Below are reasons as to why employee training is beneficial to an organization incorporating new technology: Employee training assists in maximizing the potential of the technology. If the employees become aware of using the new technology, they will get to use it to its maximum potential. This will only serve to benefit the organization as there will be increased efficiency (Daft, 2009). Proper training ensures that employees become willing to change and adopt newer ways of the firm’s operation (Kleynhans, 2006). ... If employees get to understand the benefits of the new technology through training, it gets easier to revolutionize the organizations technological needs. Employee training Employees within an organization get trained using various approaches to enlighten them on new technology. Training may get conducted internally or externally. Internal training gets carried out by the IT or training departments within the organization (Cornelius, 2001). External training gets conducted by an external consultant or the supplier of technology. The traditional method of training has always been classroom based. This approach towards training proves to fall short in addressing the challenges raised by the technology introduced in the organization. Class room based training falls short in addressing the personal needs of the training participants. Class room based training takes a holistic approach towards training (Daft, 2009). This traditional method of training does not identify and address individ ual gaps needed by the trainees. It does not explain the perceived benefits to the trainees nor does it take into account the prior knowledge of trainees about the technology. This traditional method of training does not also support maximum knowledge retention among employees as the class room instructions quickly decrease prior to their application in the work environment (Cornelius, 2001). Another training methodology instigated by organizations in incorporating new technology is self learning (Cornelius, 2001). This method involves the employees to learn on the technology by their accord through using it. This method is an ineffective way of training employees. This method is not beneficial to the firm if the technology is to become impacted through the entire organization. This

Car Accidents in Saudi Arabia Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Car Accidents in Saudi Arabia - Assignment Example All of these factors directly or indirectly affect the behavior of human beings. If the behavior of a person is not effective or positive, his mental capacity is tormented. One such aspect of behavioral imbalance is the increasing rate of car accidents and how this disproportion can be managed through health promotion will be discussed in this paper. A traffic accident is defined as unacceptable and untenable damage done to life, money and the vehicle of a victim. It is also termed as car accident, car crash or Road Traffic Collision (RTC). It happens when two or more vehicles come in contact with one another or pedestrians. The rate of traffic accidents in the passing year has been recorded by the World Health Organization to be 1,322,905. Nowadays, the rate of car accidents is seen predominantly in young drivers. Older drivers are mature and careful. This difference can be due to a number of factors. For young drivers, car is not only the source of transportation. It is a means of reflecting his or her individual and socials aspects of life. For youth, over speeding and practicing dangerous stunts is self-expression. Also, they strive to stand out among their friends and seek to have an edge over others socially. As far as car accidents by adults are concerned, it is due to peer pressure of responsibilities. For instance, parents take the responsibility of driving their children to schools in the morning. All over the world, the mornings are saturated with office and school timings. This poses a risk to many lives. According to a research by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, children are eight times more vulnerable to dying in a car rather on a bus. In fact, bus is considered safer to travel on. Saudi Arabia is considered to have the highest toll of road accidents in the world. In the era from 1971 to 1994, the amount of car accidents and associated injuries and fatalities have escalated by 30, 6 and 7 times. There could be a number of reaso ns for this notorious and unpopular ranking. Research has shown that according to the Kingdom’s General Directorate of Traffic around 17 citizens in Saudi Arabia die every day on the roads. According to the report of WHO, the victims are adult males in between the age of 16 to 36. Furthermore, a news report by the Saudi daily Arab News the statistics reveal that 6,485 people had died while more than 36,000 were injured in 485,000 car accidents alone in 2008 and 2009. The cause of the tragedies varies accordingly. Some point out that it is because there are no other attractive spots for youth in the Kingdom so youth on a large scale especially teenager boys tend to take driving as their extra-curricular activity. (Walt 2010; WHO; Global Perspectives in Workplace Health Promotion 2010; Bener 2005) Yet another reason is that, there is a lack of situation awareness. The educational institutes don’t have any mechanism for imparting road safety rules. The young drivers out o f extreme behavior like over speeding and drifting on congested routes either run into a pedestrian, cross red lights or take unusual U-turns. There is no strict law and order and that is why the drivers feel free to breach the law. The local traffic police are even unable to control the situation because youth drivers are on a large scale. These

Defining a line Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Defining a line - Essay Example These all correlate with the way we think and act as people. In these terms, a line can be a shallow mind, hatred, ignorance, segregation, and an arrogant person. In essence, the word â€Å"line† almost always implies dissimilarities, divisions, and opposition in our world. A line is something that delineates boundaries and sets limits on the ideas, beliefs and actions of humankind. A line is a shallow mind. Shallow minds are narrowly constricted and do not allow for any room for critical thinking and reasoning. They cannot see past one aspect of an idea, situation or problem. They could not comprehend the idea of a challenge thus they never really rise above that is asked of them. Their trend of thoughts is static and stale. If you feed a shallow mind with garbage information, then expect to get garbage information in return. A shallow mind is often restricted to living in a world without the more. Seeking the more is characteristic of a healthy, working mind that works off the beaten path. Therefore, a shallow mind lives in a world containing only the absence of the more. It recoils from the curvaceous and ever expanding path of deeper thought. Therefore, a shallow mind is a line. When we think of hatred, we do not normally think of it as a line. However, if we take a closer look into nature of things, hatred limits the capacity of the mind to understand. It narrows down our way of thinking, thus hatred is a line. When you are angry, you draw a line; you close down your mind and channel your energies into one direction. Prejudice exemplifies a type of hatred. It is the persistence of racism that has emanated from ways of recognizing and classifying strangers. In the Medical Dictionary, hatred is defined as â€Å"an affection of the mind awakened by something regarded as evil.† The word â€Å"evil† is the key word. It is the seed that cultivates hatred, the hatred that when grown, enshrouds a mind, and turn it into

Management (Organizational Behavior) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management (Organizational Behavior) - Essay Example In this essay, the most important qualities of a manager to make a positive impression on others and group skills that are needed to manage a team and the leadership roles that have to be played by the manager are discussed. Interpersonal skills such as coaching, counseling, offering supportive communication, exercising influence, motivating others and managing conflicts are very essential for managers to create a favorable impression to the other members of the organization. Of all these interpersonal skills the ability to offer supportive communication is very essential. According to Golen (1990), supportive communication is the communication that seeks to preserve a positive relationship between the communicator and the group while still addressing the problem at hand. It allows the manager to provide negative feedback or to resolve a difficult issue with another person and as a result can strengthen the relationship. Another factor that increases effectiveness of a manger is his enthusiasm. His passion on the job and his belief in the vision makes himself more desirable in the organization. There can also be some psychological barriers in the mind of the manager such as, premature evaluation which is caused by premature judgments made without proper analysis, lack of attention when a message is sent across, undue reliance on the written word and ignoring the value of face to face interactions and distrust of the communicator. The personal barriers to creating a favorable impression include, attitude towards superiors, fear of challenge, red tapism, lack of trust on the subordinates, lack of awareness of role expectations, lack of sensitivity to the environment and ignoring environmental cues. When manager can listen to the team members more carefully, able to manage personal and job stress more effectively, capable of influencing

Describe a significant achievement, experience or risk and its impact Essay

Describe a significant achievement, experience or risk and its impact on you - Essay Example To start with, I have become culturally diverse through social interactions with peers, instructors, tutors and colleagues. This has widened up my scope towards understanding social diversities around the world. Secondly, my personal growth and development has been enhanced. Many at times, students concentrate on their school work and fail to integrate the role of education in personal growth and development (Robbins 149). As a result, quality papers are held, but poor personal growth may be evident. Striking balance between every relevant role of education has been a primary impact of my educational pursuit. Such an achievement has come with an aiding tool of assessing and evaluating my strengths and weaknesses. Consequently, this is a critical aspect of life. Achievements in my field of study and education-wise at large define the threshold of my capabilities in the light of personal strengths and weaknesses. The core factor input has been to uphold my strengths and build on my weaknesses in such a way that only the best is portrayed of me in my educational pursuit, social or economic

Child Law CW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Child Law CW - Essay Example For married couples, parental responsibility is shared whereas for unmarried parents,the law gives the mother an upper hand over custody of their child1. The father can acquire parental responsibility by applying for it. Jenny and Philip came into an agreement with Carol on Emily. Carol was the surrogate mother. After the agreement among the parties, Emily was to be taken by Jenny and Philip. The parties came into an agreement and a reasonable contract on expenses was reached among the three of them. It was legal since the three had an agreement as stated by law and it was upon Carol to agree together with her cousin and husband. Carol planned on giving Emily to Jenny and Philip, which was the right as had been agreed over. According to the agreement, Carol needed money and she opted to be a surrogate mother to cater for her financial needs. After the agreed time, the parents(in this case Jenny and Emily) needed to apply for a parental order that was to give them permanent parental r ights over Bobby. Emily was genetically and extendedly related to both parents. The parental responsibility of Bobbywas under Carol. Any child needs the support of parents for physical, social, emotional and educational growth. Steven and Anita had divorced but Bobby needed them for his growth. Bobby at the age of six was aware of what had happened between his parents. Due to the stalemate, parental responsibility was under Carol at that time.Whenever two groups or parties are not in agreement but are determined to coexist peacefully, finding a solution to their squabbles is inevitable. Jenny and Steven came together to look for a resolution but an agreement was not reached. Steven was worried that Bobby may not have lived according to his religious teachings where a boy was to be circumcised at his tenth birthday. Steven did the right thing by seeking a specific court order because of the previous impasse. The court tried to solve the issue because of the application by Steven on h is residency and contact orders. No immediate family member ofBobby was responsible for his parental rights. This was because Bobby lived with his mother and no harm or suffering or inability to support Bobby was reported.The parent had to take care of the right of the child because they were responsible for the child. Immediate family did not have any responsibility of any kind to the Bobby unless after application.Immediate family members could onlyintervene by following the right process. They could not have parental rights of the child without notifying the right people or the court. They had to follow the right channel to get Bobby under their care. Immediate family member had to have reasons that were valid that Bobby was mistreated to be given the parental responsibility. They had to file an application to the court like the Steven did. If Bobby was mistreated or was close to them then they had a high chance of success. They could not assume parental responsibility without co nsent either from the court or both parents. Another reason why their claims did not favour them is the fact that the child’s mother was alive and living with the child at their time of claims. Anita was alive and living with Bobby at that time and Bobby had a good relationship with her. The court was to decide on the best interest of Bobby. A residence order can be applied when a parent want to stay with the child in question2. A contact order

Comparing The Yellow Wallpaper with Hop Frog Essay Example for Free

Comparing The Yellow Wallpaper with Hop Frog Essay The Yellow Wallpaper and Hop Frog were both written at a time of social turbulence and revolution. Poe wrote Hop Frog twelve years prior to the American civil war, so it is fitting that many of the ideas in the story carry a strong anti-slavery message. Similarly, The Yellow Wallpaper was written in 1892 just before the climax of equal-rights for women. Gillmans The Yellow Wallpaper is one of the early feminist texts in which her writing criticises the position that women were oppressed into and the ignorance of society as a whole. Both Gillman and Poe attack fiercely these ideas that were both upheld and willingly accepted by the majority of society. These two settings immediately portray the two central characters, a woman and a slave, as two of an unheard minority, who were subjected to an unjust, patriarchal world. One of the main similarities between Hop Frog and The Yellow Wallpaper is the atmosphere of each of the stories. Both are horror stories are very dark, and have a horror genre, however Hop Frog is also similar to a fairy tale in that it is quite unbelievable, and where Hop Frogs surroundings are fantasy, the narrators surroundings are quite real. Despite their differences, both of the storys surroundings and atmosphere are symbolic of the way the central character is feeling or being treated. For example, gluttony and corruption of the king and his ministers surround Hop Frog and Poes darkly vivid descriptions of these reflect the mood of Hop-Frog. The oily ministers and a corpulent king sound simply grotesque and fill the reader with a sort of stomach churning unease and tension at the treatment of Hop Frog. The corruptness and gluttony is hugely significant as it shows us the danger and easiness of becoming influenced and eventually corrupted by greed and alcohol. The narrator of The Yellow Wallpaper has instead a room. It is describes as having barred widows and a nailed down bed, which give the impression of a prison rather than a place to become well again in. In fact the room actually does become a prison for the narrator, becoming more and more horrible as the story progresses. By the repetitive use of the word, joke in the first paragraph Poe emphasises the discomfort of Hop Frog as well as achieving a hugely tense atmosphere. This makes the reader, who realises that this seemingly jovial and harmless behaviour of the king and his courtiers is in fact, a lot more damaging and sinister, feel the tension and discomfort that Hop Frog endures. Like Hop Frog, The Yellow Wallpaper also has a tense atmosphere achieved by the speeded up pace of the story and the very short sentences, which flit from one idea to another. These short sentences show the alertness of the narrators mind as well as her increasing madness as she is left with no stimulation other than her own thoughts. As the story progresses the narrators madness grows and consequently her surroundings become more and more an extension of her own nightmarish imagination, eventually becoming as fantastical as Hop Frogs. Throughout the story, the wallpaper in the room is a metaphor for the narrators illness and as her insanity grows, the wallpaper becomes more and more hideous. At the beginning of the story, it is described as horrible wallpaper. Her initial rejection of the wallpaper, shown when the narrator says; I dont like our room and asks John Let us go downstairs, is indicative of her want to get better and her rejection of insanity. The wallpaper is described as having a sickly sulphur tint, representing her illness, and appears to grow, fungus and toadstools suggests that her illness is growing, whilst Budding and sprouting suggest the continuity of this growth. Despite the fact that the images of the wallpaper worsen as time goes on, the narrator quickly becomes obsessed by it, spending hours studying it. The narrator describes how It dwells on my mind so. Eventually, the narrator becomes so mad, that it is as if she is schizophrenic. She begins to see herself in the wallpaper as a woman, stooping down and creeping behind the pattern. As time progresses, the faint woman becomes clearer and stronger as the narrator becomes weaker. This shows her sane self, losing the battle to her insane self. Despite the awful surroundings, outside of her barred windows lies the garden. In contrast to the wallpaper, the garden represents the narrators hope of freedom. The garden is described as delicious and where everything in the wallpaper is bad and infectious, everything in the garden is good and healing. However the narrator is locked away with her illness and is unable to reach the garden, which holds the key to her freedom, How I wish he [John] would let me go she tells us. This creates dramatic irony, as everyone knows what the narrator needs, including the narrator herself, except the narrat ors own husband John. Just as the wallpaper and the narrators madness increase as the story progresses, the behavior of the king towards Hop Frog worsens. This is shown by Poes descriptions of the king, starting as our king, turning into a tyrant and becoming finally a monster. By describing the king in this way, the reader is not only made to feel sympathy for Hop Frog by portraying him as a powerless victim of this cruel abuse, but also make us forgive his final act of revenge, which is in fact utterly terrible. The King and his ministers are abusive and exploitative towards Hop Frog and Trippetta. Poe illustrates this particularly by the reference to alcohol, The king takes advantage of Hop Frogs intolerance to wine it excited the poor cripple almost to madness and sadistically he took pleasure in forcing the cripple to drink. Poe describes how Hop Frog was forced to be merry as it was the poor dwarfs birthday and he is made to obey the command to drink to absent friends, which forced tears to his eyes. This is incredibly ironic, as Hop Frog is not with his friend because he is a slave in the court of the king. In the yellow wallpaper, the narrators monster is her own husband, John, a physician. He ignorantly suffocates his wife, leaving her with no option but to escape into her own madness. He threatens her with Weir Mitchell who was renowned for treating women with this temporary nervousness. The narrator describes how he is like john and my brother, only more so, showing her wish not to be sent to him. John also keeps the narrator away from human contact, starving her of any stimulation or interaction. Despite his obvious love for her he treats her like a possession, this is shown when he fails to regard her as a human being by addressing her as she as if she isnt even there. This also symbolises the fact that he has slowly removed her identity. John regards his wife with little more intelligence than a child, shown by his constantly patronising tone. He calls her little goose and little girl as well as remarking bless her as if she is little older than five. John also shows himself to be really rather selfish when he implores her get well for me. Despite everything, we have to believe that John really does love his wife and wants to help her. But it is through John that Gillman makes a very poignant observation of the way in which society treats women, pointing out the real danger of ignorance. The Narrator in The Yellow wallpaper is portrayed as an extremely bright creative woman, despite the way John regards her. She expresses her thoughts and releases some of the energy that she is so full of through writing. However John forbids that she should write, the narrator tells us I am absolutely forbidden to work. The narrator herself tells us herself that excitement and change would do me good. Instead of excitement and change the narrator is confined to her bed and made to sleep most of the day I lie down ever so much now, John thinks its good for me. However, it is not good for her and the narrator describes how I dont sleep much at night, showing the disturbance of her mind. This results in the narrator having an enormous amount of pent up energy which, when combined with her inability to express herself creates enormous tension in the story. As the narrator searches frantically for an outlet for her imagination she inevitably becomes mad seeking the much-needed stimulation within the wallpaper. The narrators inability to express herself can be compared with Hop Frogs loss of control to the king when he is forced to drink. Hop Frog is described as being driven to madness by the wine, and madness Poe reminds us is no comfortable feeling. In both stories the position of women is severely criticized. In Hop Frog, Trippettas position as both a slave and a woman is exploited. Her grace and exquisite beauty is described as being universally admired. Poe describes how she was admired and petted suggesting the shocking abuse she is subject to. Poe describes how the king threw the entire contents of the goblet in her face, suggesting the complete humiliation that she suffered. In The Yellow Wallpaper, we are introduced to Jennie who is the sister of John. She is described as a perfect and enthusiastic housekeeper. Typically of a nineteenth century Lady, Jennie is subservient accepting her position willingly and gratefully. Gillman describes how she hopes for no better profession. Jennie represents the women of society who have grown to accept and are either to weak or to scared to rebel against a life that is no better than that of a slaves. The narrators position as a woman is very similar to Hop Frogs. She is treated as a possession by her husband John and is seen to have no real opinions or views. She describes how the heads that she sees are strangle[d] by the wallpaper, turns them up side down and turns their eyes white. This is very much inactive of the way both she and the other women of society feel suffocated and oppressed by their position. Both stories are written in first person narrative, which makes them a lot more personal. Hop Frog is told by an anonymous Narrator, an onlooker, whilst The Yellow Wallpaper is written like a diary with the narrator, a woman suffering from post-natal depression being the central character. Semi-Autobiographical, the story is loosely based on Perkins own experiences. The narrator in The Yellow Wallpaper remains nameless meaning that the narrator could be any woman in society. It is also a metaphor for the identity that has been lost through her illness and the ignorance of her husband, John. Both the characters are the victims of ignorance. The Yellow Wallpaper shows the ignorance of society about post-natal depression and the fact that no one is prepared to accept what the narrator is suffering from. Her case is not serious we are told. The result of this ignorance is that the narrators condition is not cured but instead made worse. She is taken for a rest cure and deprived of interaction with people and stimulation. Her creativity is crushed when she is forbidden to write. This inability to express herself, had dire consequences; instead of recovering she instead she begins to descend further and further into her own madness. The wallpaper in her room, which gradually becomes more and more disturbing as her madness increases, shows this. This can be compared to Hop Frog who because of his difference in appearance is treated appallingly. The central characters of each story are portrayed as prisoners the narrator in The Yellow Wallpaper is portrayed as a prisoner, trapped by her social position; as a woman, by her mental illness and by her own husband. Through her story, Gillman attacks an extremely patriarchal society. She criticises the lack of respect for women and shows her anger towards the inability of women to escape from the position they are oppressed to. The room in which the narrator is put in, in order to rest and recover from her illness is very much symbolic of her imprisonment. It is described as having barred windows and the bedstead as iron, heavy and nailed to the ground representing her being tied down. The fact that the room was a nursery first, is very ironic; Firstly because she has no contact with her own baby and secondly because she has literally been reduced to the position of a child. Similarly, Hop Frog and his fiend Trippetta are salves, whom Poe tells us, were forcibly carried off from their barbarous region and sent, as presents to the king. This is reminiscent of the situation of many black slaves who were taken from Africa to the west at this time, in order to further the endeavours of rich, greedy men at as low a cost a possible. The reality of what faced them ahead was a harsh, cruel life of constant work with no freedom or rights as a human being. However, it is surely wrong that one person should have freedom whilst another is an enslaved possession because they are different. This injustice is shown in the story by the Kings inability to accept Hop Frog as a person, in appearance he is different and so is treated as an object, a possession. Poe describes him as a monkey and a squirrel and suggest that Hop Frog is begging for food crumbs from the royal table. The result this is that Hop Frog is shown to be like a begging animal which serves to ease the K ings conscience at mocking Hop Frog, if he is not a person then he does not have feelings. Both Hop Frog and Trippetta are dwarfed and Hop Frog is a cripple and Walks with an interjectional gait, which comes across as quite funny when it is further described as somewhere between a leap and a wriggle. Despite this Hop Frogs value was trebled in the eyes of the king and the king, who live only for joking exploits Hop Frogs physical disabilities. It is therefor ironic that Hop Frog becomes the court fool which is a metaphor for the fact that he is laughed at by the King. The idea of Hop Frog being mocked for the way he walks is shocking and through this Poe shows the unease of society at the treatment of the slaves. The Kings immoral behaviour mirrors that of the slave traders in America and Europe. Hop Frogs physical disability can be compared to the narrators madness. The endings of each story are hugely significant and it is perhaps through the ending that we see the characters in their true light. Throughout The Yellow Wallpaper the narrator has drifted in and out of her sane mind, she tells us once I always lock the door before I creep. Up until this point the narrator has not accepted that it is herself who is creeping, instead putting it down to the woman. But by the end, she is telling us how she is creeping round and round and round the room. Both a rope and an axe are mentioned, and John faints when he sees the destruction of the room and of his wife. It is quite possible that either of them are dead, however Gillman leaves the ending ambiguous. As well as amplifying the uncertainty of the woman, this could also be down to the fact that Gillman, despite her feminist views, was still a woman in the nineteenth century. She did she want to demonize her character by making her murder her husband no could she afford to openly state that the husband was literally overpowered by his wife. Gillman would not want to upset her feminist audience either, who would be outraged if the narrator killed herself due to the fact that she is such a powerful symbol of a woman wanting to rebel against her oppression. For her to commit suicide would dishearten a lot of these women as it would look as if suicide was the only way out. It seems as if this ending was right for the character who despite becoming insane, is finally happy and tells us with utter satisfaction I got out. Whatever the reason for this ending, there is no doubt that despite the fact that this ending is truly horrific it also comes with a degree of relief. For with the narrators madness comes freedom, and more importantly, the woman finds her identity. Ironically this is not her former self, who is finally named as Jane, but another person; her ins anity. Whilst The Yellow Wallpaper remains ambiguous, the ending of Hop frog is completely literal. Because eof the fact that Poe is a man, he can afford to take more liberties that perhaps Gillman was unable to take. He can openly humiliate and torture the king and the court, who represent the corrupt monarchy; an important part of society, and appear to get away with this. Hop Frog is portrayed as demonic and evil. He achieves his freedom by brutally killing the King and his ministers. Under the guise of the stupid fool he tricks the king and his ministers into thinking that they are dressing up and covers them in tar and flax. The fact that Poe uses tar and Flax is of great significance as it is symbolic of humiliation and punishment throughout history. Hop Frog then chained them together to become the eight chained orangutans. Hop frog shows himself to be very intelligent when, at the dwarfs suggestion, the keys had been deposited with him, in contrast with the stupidity of the King. Po e describes how the they are humiliated when the chains cause them to fall and stumble, The King and his Ministers have gone form mocking Hop Frog to being mocked themselves Hop Frog then suspends them from the ceiling at the ball and burns them alive. The fact that throughout the story Hop Frog never had the presence that the evil King had means that we would not immediately suspect Hop frog. When the grating noise was first introduced, the reader did not think that it could be Hop Frog. However at the end when Hop Frog is perched on the rope with the burning king and ministers below him the grating noise came form the fang like teeth of the dwarf, who ground and gnashed them as he foamed at the mouth. This is an insane a picture as that of the narrator. Hop frog rising up against the king is a complete reversal of roles, the oppressed has become the oppressor. However how is it possible that Poe can get away with this ending without his central character looking like the vengeful murder that he has become? It is perhaps because all-thorough the story, the treatment of Hop Frog as well as his situation has been described as Horrendous, horrific and brutal, evoking incredible sympathy in the reader. As if this isnt reason enough, Poe threw in the added ploy of alcohol, which appears to demonize Hop Frog. Therefor when Hop Frog commits this terrible act, he is immediately forgiven whilst we all revel in the torture that the king and his ministers now incur. In the eyes of the reader justice has been done. Perhaps through his ending, Poe is forecasting what is to come, when the black slaves will rise up against their own white oppressors. It is therefor interesting that n order to truly punish and humiliate them, Hop Frog turns them first black. Like Gillman, Poe does not want to demonize the female character, leaving the question of Trippettas involvement up to the reader to answer.