The Buying Process

The Buying Process Abstract Online shopping has become an integral component of today’s business world. It is one of the populous activities over the internet. Internet buying behavior is nothing else but the process and act of making use of the things gotten over the internet.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Buying Process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Just like ordinary shopping, consumers go through various stages when purchasing goods online. This paper examines the buying process for an online product from the Kindle store. Specifically, this paper highlights the stages a customer would go through when purchasing an E-reader from Kindle store. This paper details how the customer would get to recognize their need, how they would search for information, how they would evaluate alternatives, how they would choose the product, how they would make their actual purchase and finally how they would react after the purchase decision. Introduction Many researchers have conducted surveys over the recent past in a bid to understand the stages consumers go through as they make their online purchase decisions (Liang and Lai, 2000). The studies have also concentrated on what it is quite important to know for the marketers, consumer online shopping behavior in particular. Marketers should know the way customers respond to marketing initiatives and the way they make their purchase decisions when buying products online (Foxall, 2005; Kotler and Armstrong, 2005). In today’s business environment, the business that clearly understands the way customers react to various marketing mix approaches has a great edge over its competitors. Problem recognition According to Kotler Armstrong (2005), the buying process for an online product begins with the need of recognition. This need can be stimulated by an internal or external factor (Case et al., 2001). For instance, a consumer could have a desire to own reading tablet.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This need then transforms to become a compelling drive. At this point, the marketer needs to clearly understand the customer’s unique needs and what could have triggered the needs (Foxall, 2005). Search and determination of alternatives Once a customer is convinced of their need, the customer will seek more information about the various available brands (Foxall, 2005). The source of this information is usually varied. The marketer must design a unique marketing mix to make prospective customers aware of its brands (Kotler and Armstrong, 2005). The marketer can rely on positive referrals (Cho et al, 2001). Loyal and satisfied customers would recommend Kindle products to prospective customers. Evaluation of alternatives From the gathered information, the consumer will decide on a final brand. At Kindle stores, customers can choose Kindle Paperwhite 3G, Kindle Paperwhite, Kindle or Kindle Keyboard 3G (Amazon.com, 2012). The marketer must be interested to know how the customer evaluates the various alternatives (Huang, 2000). Kotler and Armstrong (2005) have argued that the evaluation of alternatives would depend on the individual customer and the purchase environment. Sometimes, consumers rely on logic while at times they make impulse purchases. Purchase decision Kindle stores offer a variety of prices. For instance, Kindle Paperwhite 3G is worth $179, Kindle Paperwhite is worth $ 119, Kindle is worth$ 69 and Kindle Keyboard 3G is worth $ 139 (Amazon.com, 2012). Since some customers are price sensitive, their purchase intentions and decisions will be influenced by their disposable income (Blackwell et al, 2006). Alternatively, the customer can decide to buy based on the potential benefits of the product (Case et al, 2001). Since customers will only buy when they believe that price of the E-reader i s tantamount to its benefits (Kotler and Armstrong, 2005), the marketer should price the product appropriately so that customers can get their perceived value.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Buying Process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Post-purchase evaluation After buying the product, the customer will either be contented or not. The customer will display some post purchase reaction which the marketer must be interested in (Kotler and Armstrong, 2005). This reaction will be influenced by the relationship between the customer’s expectation and the actual performance of the product. If the customers’ expectations are not met by the product, the customer will be very dissatisfied (Foxall, 2005). Therefore, the marketer must only claim what is in tandem with the products’ actual performance to achieve customer satisfaction. Conclusion The above is a detailed explanation of the buying proce ss for an online product specifically E-reader from Kindle. Consumers follow these stages as they seek to make a purchase decision (Kotler and Armstrong, 2005). However, the customer might not necessarily follow the above stages sequentially. When buying an online product, the consumer will first recognize their problem. The customer will then proceed to search and determine the various alternatives available. The customer will then evaluate the alternatives and make a purchase decision (Kotler and Armstrong, 2005). Finally, the customer will engage in post-purchase evaluation. References Amazon.com. (2012). The world’s best-selling E-readers. Retrieved from https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B007HCCNJU/ref=fs_sz Blackwell, D. R., Miniard, P. W., Engel, J. F. (2006). Consumer behaviour  10th Edition. USA: Thomson Learning.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Case, T., Burns, O. M., Dick, G. N. (2001). Drivers of on-line purchasing among U.S. university students. Proceedings of the 7th Americas Conference on Information Systems, 873-878. Cho, Y., Im, I., Hiltz, R., Fjermestad, J. (2001). Causes and outcomes of online customer complaining behavior: Implications for customer relationship management (CRM). Proceedings of the 7th Americas Conference on Information Systems, 900-907. Foxall, G. (2005.) Understanding consumer choice. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Huang, M. (2000). Information load: Its relationship to online exploratory and shopping behavior. International Journal of Information Management 20: 337–347. Kotler, P., Armstrong, G. (2005). Principles of marketing 11th Edition. USA: Prentice Hall. Liang, T., Lai, H. (2000). Electronic store design and consumer choice: An  empirical study. Proceedings of the 33rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. PDF file.

Get the full guide for commentary writing

Get the full guide for commentary writing Help in Writing a Commentary When you face with new kind of writing, you need a detailed guide to follow. Exactly such an approach helps the writer to make the text exciting, readable, and informative. The same is fair for commentary. What is this, how to write it, using actual requirements – you would get your answers in the following guide. The Definition of Commentary Commentary is a kind of paper that means in-depth analysis of another text. It differs from other similar tasks, such as thesis, essay, etc., so has its own rules in writing. Commentary is useful for different companies which publish short news and articles, such as newspapers. With this kind of paper, you can make a place for discussion of different topics by opposite points of view. As a result, commentary belongs to critical tasks but has a respectful tone of voice at the same time. There are several particularities of the process of commentary writing according to its origin. Proper Style and Tone of Voice So writing commentary means making a critical analysis of the primary source. Your text must contain the description of the current situation and potential consequences in the nearest future. The writer cant use only his fantasy because the document must be fair and relevant. So prefer facts, events, and other pieces of evidence from the original paper. Only such approach allows reaching readable and exciting commentary. Besides, the author should use his knowledge and skills in the exact field to make new paper based on the focal article. As a result, you can start an interesting and constructive discussion for your topic. Note, that you cant change the focus of your commentary. Make sure that your paper is concerned on the main subject of the original text, but not minor facts of the authors personality. Such mistakes are very spread among young writers. Of course, your aim is a critical analysis of someone elses job, but keep it respectable. Use the only constructive tone of voice and writing style to let your readers make conclusions on their own. The Guide for Making Commentary Be sure to highlight all the important points from the original text. According to this material, you can collect, sort, and finish important ideas in one document. Thats why you will make a draft, write an outline, proofread, and finish your commentary. In general, you aim to prepare the main aspects and share them in your text. So you will pass the following steps in your writing. Preparation Stage You must make all the preparations beforehand so there would be no misunderstanding in the future. Read the original text for several times. Such an approach guarantees getting all important facts. You must remember and understand each sentence, not to miss any vital point of view. Make notes with the most important facts and write your ideas while getting acquainted with the text. Such highlights will be a base for your commentary and text outline. Create an Outline An outline is the next part of the preparation stage of your commentary. You can start writing this block of text only after reading a primary text for several times and making highlights. This is like a basic preparation for outline preparation. To make a great outline, you need to review the original article structure. According to its particularities, you can create your bullets. Each one sentence should be relevant to your future text and primary source. Your outline will contain an introduction, several pieces in the body, and small conclusions. This is a simple example of an effective outline that will be great for your commentary. Collect Data for Introduction The introduction cannot be overvalued because this block of the text creates the first impression of your commentary. It would be great if your introduction will be not only interesting and readable but also catching and exciting. Make sure you did your best to make this block. So, first of all, you should identify the most important information. You should read and note the title of the paper, its genre, author, and date of publication. Be attentive to find there anything interesting for your paper. Remember, that commentary essay requires from the writer to add such information at the beginning of the text. Besides, you can use interesting facts connected with your primary source. For instance, explain the whole collection of writing, where your text for the analysis belongs. But you must distinguish interest and unimportant details, such as the authors favorite color. Such a mistake can cost you a lot because no one likes to waste your own time on third rate content. Identify Subject and Target Audience With such elements, you will start your body. It is created to explain all facts, data, events, etc. exactly in this part. You can create a list of questions for yourself and answer them in the body. Such a simple method helps to identify constructive parts in original text and share them in your commentary. Also, you may find the main accents in the primary source, highlight them, and rewrite in your essay. So remember your general aim: to share the main ideas and the focus of your primary source in the body. This section is called to explain the basic information for your readers: the main points of view, the authors purposes, etc. It is okay to share only the main ideas, but not all of them, so keep ranging all highlights according to your taste. Explain the Text This is a place to observe the structure of the writing (for example, poetry, prose, type of essay, etc.). Usually, writers have requirements in the structure, but also they can get a free blueprint. Thats why you can feel free and share your expressions in a commentary in any structure you are comfortable with. The most popular is prose. It is a simple note without any additional requirement. Just use your plan and dont think about special rhythm or text melody. Additional advice: dont push yourself into the unusual structure of the text, if it is not obligated. Yes, sometimes you need to risk gaining the best results. But experience shows that a good job is based on your skills and abilities. So experts in prose shouldnt risk it all and write poems. Choose the Text Presentation Then you need to identify the type of the voice (the first or second person) and the tone (friendly/official). To identify the type of person, you need to check who speaks the text. If you note the words like you and we, then you will describe all characters in the article. If there is only I, then using the first person is obviously. All such particularities must be described in your commentary. Dont think that amount of heroes is not important. It is as vitally important, as the main goals and ideas of the article. Understand the Proper Tone of Voice The tone of voice is a style of expression of the authors points of view. He can do it in any manner he is comfortable. Also, the choice of voice depends on the target audience and tasks which the writer had. For instance, the friendly tone of voice is extremely popular among youth in entertainment and job. They prefer sharing any information with strangers as they are friends. In other situations, you may need a serious tone of voice to highlight the particularities of the issue. Be sure that the tone of voice can change the impression from any situation. Even the choice of exact words can play a great role in the text destiny. The authors mood and experience cause the proper tone of voice, so such characteristics are unique for all types of content. There is also no special requirement for writers, so choose the most proper tone and type of voice for you. Most authors tend to use a neutral tone of voice, which looks like a smart combination of friendly and official language. But on special topics, you cant rely on a neutral impression. For instance, serious historical facts require more logical structure, and the story of the exact piece of art needs an emotional background. Highlight Important Language Tools Language tool is a special element which is used to increase the power of exact meaningful sentence or word communication. You can add metaphor and impress someone with your in-depth understanding of the subject or choose strong quotation to support your own point of view. In any case, such elements are strong tips for your text. All such language tools mean a lot for your commentary. Thats why you should note the literary tools in the text. You may highlight metaphors, conclusions, hyperbolas, alliterations, and so on. It is highly recommended reading special guidelines to identify tools and their meaning literally. Sometimes such elements in the text can mean more than a simple language tool. Besides mentioning these elements, you also must explain the meaning for the writer and his paper. Never make a mistake with the meaning of the language tool. It is worse than to skip this part at all. Add Quotes to Your Commentary Quotations are not obvious parts of your commentary, but they can bring it much more weight. The phrases from the original text will support your ideas and make your readers excited. There is no situation which cannot become better with the relevant quote. For instance, if you discuss the role of religion for the famous scientist in his researches, you should find his point of view with the keyword religion or other thematic words. Use his direct speech in quotation marks to support the exact fact. This would be the best evidence for your commentary. So choose the relevant sentences and take them in quotation marks in your essay. Such a simple tip will bring you great advantages in writing a commentary. Make a Summary The summary is the final conclusion for your commentary. This part is small, but it means a lot for writer, readers, and the text in general. To make a great summary, you should remember all the details of your text and use them as briefly as you can to share the last words. So write the final sentence to conclude the primary source and your job with absolute calm. Make several samples of summary and choose the best one. Try to put yourself in your target audiences shoes and make this paragraph exactly for them. Remember that this part shouldnt present new information, but support all previous facts and ideas in the commentary. Your body is a place for new facts, but not the conclusion. If you place here anything that was not mentioned before you will make a serious crime in the academic writing field, so let your summary be just a summary with your final words and nothing else. Keep Your Text in Presentable Form Presentation is very important for any job. You can create the best content but make weak presentations. Such a situation will cause only issues and will not bring any advantage. Or the writer may hide the weak content under the mask of impressive presentation and get more chances for success. But the best way is to keep both elements awesome. Your text must be excellent, and the presentation should be logic, nice, and pleasant. Prefer traditional writing styles and improve them with modern tips like pictures or scales. The tone of voice, writing manner, and paper quality are also important. Keep the balance of facts, descriptions, humor, information, and other elements in your commentary. Ask for a Feedback The feedback is an opportunity to hear the thoughts of your target audience. If you read your commentary in front of other people, you can get their first impressions and pieces of advice. Besides, you are also able to post your commentary online and get users comments. Their points of view can help you improve your content, its structure, tone of voice, and other particularities. So always give final proofreading to your friends and ask your audience for feedback. Get all advantages from peoples criticism and analysis. It is quite simple to encourage them to share their thoughts, so keep your voice friendly and let people support you. Proofread and Improve Your Paper The proofreading is a key to good commentary. There is no way to finish your material and do not polish it in several days. This is a very important rule among all editors, so always prepare time for such stage. Usually, proofreading requires from several hours to several days. The more time you have, it is better. The best way is to proofread your commentary in several days after you finish writing. The point is the author can be blind for his own text because he spends so many time on it and even can play by memory each sentence. In several days your brain will rest and be able to make independent proofreading. Also, remember the traditional requirements for all kinds of papers. Keep out mistakes and misprints, make the text readable, pleasant, and exciting. Of course, you are not a machine and can miss misprints, but your commentary will be damaged. Try to use the help in proofreading, for instance, special online tools or professional editors. Let`s Start It! Commentary isnt so simple as you can think for the first time. But you have all chances to execute such job on the highest level. Just keep these guidelines and follow all recommendations while making commentary. If you feel you need help, then just ask for professional support right now.

Jet Blue in the United Kingdom Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Jet Blue in the United Kingdom - Research Paper Example As an MNE, Jet Blue also services Aruba, The Bahamas, Puerto Rico, Mexico and Bermuda. Jet Blue is able to compete with much larger U.S.-based airline companies such as American Airlines as the business has been able to shed much of its high operating costs related to supply chain and fleet management by maintaining a lean operations methodology (Jet Blue, 2011). Price reductions in the form of lower and competitive ticket prices are accomplished through its lean business model that makes Jet Blue an attractive alternative to high-frills airline companies. A country where Jet Blue does not have market presence is the United Kingdom, a generally attractive market for foreign direct investment by the organization. The United Kingdom maintains a significant airline infrastructure that will assist Jet Blue in establishing a centralized hub in order to serve the UK market effectively. Major renovations to such airports as Heathrow International have provided more traffic space and feasibi lity for structured and timely arrivals and departures. Alongside the infrastructure exists recent government deregulation of the airline industry that had once controlled pricing and established anti-monopoly legislation by major carriers. This has removed some of the financial and regulatory barriers to new entry by airline competitors, making the United Kingdom a viable market for direct investment. Another advantage of investing in the United Kingdom is the economic environment. Currently, the United Kingdom still measures its currency against the Pound Sterling, a method of isolating volatility and risk associated with the current Eurozone economic crisis related to the Euro. The UK Pound Sterling is currently worth $1.61 as compared to a single U.S. dollar. Jet Blue currently has established a very viable and well-developed supply infrastructure within the United States, giving it many comparative advantages in relation to procurement. By investing in the United Kingdom, Jet B lue can establish a moderately higher pricing structure that is comparative to the British Pound Sterling, providing profit opportunities of approximately 60 percent, especially when moving materials procured in the United States into the foreign UK market where import pricing risks are dramatically reduced compared to this much higher-valued Sterling currency. Procurement costs for on-board operations management will be fundamentally less expensive than in the United States if not procured domestically in the United Kingdom. There is, however, a significant disadvantage to entering the United Kingdom for direct investment. There are currently many different low cost carriers, such as RyanAir and Air Asia, that provide similar low-cost and low-frills options for consumers and business travelers. Deregulation occurring in the last few years has removed entry barriers to these companies that now have high cash flow and considerable positive brand reputation with price sensitive consum ers. Even Virgin Airlines offers similar low-cost methodology allowing this carrier and those such as RyanAir and Air Asia to have comparative and competitive advantages in pricing and quality. Jet Blue is not a well-known brand name in the United Kingdom which could provide much higher cost allocation toward the promotional function (such as advertising and online marketing) in order to compete in this dynamic competitive market. Minimizing foreign exchange risks is not that complicated for Jet Blue, considering the currencies regularly traded in this market. The Euro and the Pound Sterling are both valued much higher than the

Reaction paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Reaction paper - Essay Example ion, cell phone is a technological invention which is possessed by all .It is a known fact that, cell phone has made a prominent impact on the working behavior of employees of an organization. Cellphone has enabled increased productivity in them due to its communicative effectiveness and accessibility. The use of technological device is however a contradictory fact because it is argued by some that it can increase productivity while some argues that laptops and cellphone wear off productivity. But when we compare the business world of yesteryears with that of todays , it is obvious that commercial activities are happening on a swift basis at present. Even though these gadgets divert the concentration of employees and waste their time and man power, this can only be seen as a minor drawback. These devices does deviate employees to indulge in handling their personal lives, this is truth. But this can also have a positive effect on their mental status which could make them more vibrant to perform their official chores. In earlier times, there were no technological devices and the employees could have been more frustrated and would have been intimidated physically and mentally to perform their job. But now the quality of work is increased as most of the work happens in less time than olden times. The survey conducted in US does reveal that majority people check email while on duty and multi- tasking hurts productivity, which is true. It has been traced that many employees engage more on online activities than official work as it is human tendency to look for pleasure rather than pain. However, the responsibility factor of employees in today’s world is minor in comparison with their older counterparts. There is a lot of technological addiction among young men of today than the aged people. The technology aided social networking sites available on computer is the biggest culprit which absorbs much of productive time of employees. The technological advancement of the

Apprentices, Planters and Special Magistrates 1834 -1838

Apprentices, Planters and Special Magistrates 1834 -1838 Introduction The Apprenticeship System was intended to provide a smooth transition for the ex-enslaved into freedom after Emancipation was declared. It also ensured an adequate supply of labour for Planters during the period it lasted.[1] The newly made Apprentices were separated into two groups: the Praedials who were to work 6 years in the fields and the Non-Praedials who were to work 4 years domestically.[2]Apprentices were supposed to learn new skills such as budgeting and saving. Planters on the other hand, were expected to introduce new technologies and get accustomed to paying wages. Special Magistrates were employed to make sure that the planters obeyed the laws and the ex-enslaved were protected. The system was implemented in British Guiana, Trinidad and Jamaica. However, Antigua and Bermuda did not implement it.[3] The aim of this study is to examine the views of the Apprentices, Planters and Special Magistrates as they recall the Apprenticeship System during the time period, 1834-1838. It is necessary to research this topic because it needs to be examined more in depth as it is not widely researched. One can obtain valuable insight from the different perspectives of the Apprentices, Planters and Stipendary Magistrates in this case. Apprentices The Apprenticeship System was not anything like what freedom should have felt like. Although it was supposed to be a transitional for many ex-enslaved it ended up being nothing more than a further period of bondage. At first they were happy in 1834 when Emancipation was granted, but later on they became confused and upset when they realised that their new freedom came with terms and conditions to abide by just as if it were enslavement continued. Apprentices did not understand this system which led to instances of protest. From time to time short strikes occurred and acts of sabotage just as during the enslavement period[4]. For example, in Jamaica. John Graskell of Mt.Sinai was found guilty of insubordination and attempting to get other apprentices to resist[5].These actions taken by the Apprentices showed that they were unhappy with the Apprenticeship system. Even though the Apprentices were supposed to be paid for any additional hours of work other than the 40  ½ hours they had to complete each week, Planters continued to frustrate them by tying wages to the rent of huts and they often took advantage of the Apprentices by making them work the extra hours for no pay as they knew that the Apprentices did not have the knowledge to calculate how long they worked and if they were getting paid accurately. Apprentices were in a weak position which did not enable them to bargain with Planters about the conditions of their employment.[6] Aside from this, Planters also punished the Apprentices by using one of the harshest punishments, the treadmill which was carried out in workhouses.[7] The Apprentices were quite confused when they received these horrible punishments and faced these frustrations because they were supposed to be treated as free men and employees. This clearly did not happen. Figure 1: Apprentices on the Treadmill       Digital Image.GeorgetownsvgrevisitedN.p., n.d.Web. http://www.georgetownsvgrevisited.co.uk/resources/Sugar-Plantations-In-South-America.jpg?timestamp=1442850837171> Plantocracy The whole idea of the Apprenticeship System was upsetting to planters, because their properties (the Africans) were granted their freedom. The planters were disgusted by the Apprentices and they did not view them as people who should be granted their freedom. Even though planters were compensated, this did not stop them from extracting as much labour as possible from the ex-enslaved before full freedom set in. They tried to exercise their usual power over the now freed people. This was especially done as they had the right to decide if an apprentices work was satisfactory or not. Even though the Emancipation Act forbade physical punishment on the plantation, it ordered each colony to set up workhouses[8] to carry out punishments there. The workhouses were dominantly controlled by the planters nonetheless. When planters discovered that apprentices would sell produce from their provision grounds or work on other properties for income, they tried to stop it by all means. If the Apprentices were making their own money they would forfeit this control that the Planters had and the Planters did not want this. They started giving Apprentices poor quality provision grounds closer to their plantation or in the case of an Apprentice always having their own provision ground the planters made it difficult for them by cutting down fruit trees or forbidding apprentices to have livestock.[9] Planters also refused to pay fair wages after the 40  ½ hours, or pay the wages on time. The vagueness of the Act allowed the Plantation Owners to manipulate the terms and conditions to their benefit and made the Apprentices suffer. The Special Magistrates The Colonial Office attempted to see that the Apprenticeship System was being carried out fairly so they sent Special Magistrates to the Caribbean. They were supposed to protect the rights of the former enslaved and settle disputes between employers and labourers. Many of the Magistrates were either retired British army officials or were civil servants.[10] However, the ratio of Special Magistrates to Apprentices was small, therefore this left the Magistrates with a lot on their hands. Their job was extremely exhausting as they had no money and worked under poor conditions. A Special Magistrates salary was insufficient and they still had to provide their own housing, food and travelling expenses[11]. As a result of this, many Magistrates were forced to take bribes from Planters such as accepting meals and lodgings, often the night before a Magistrate had to listen to an apprentices complaint against a planter. This was not fair to the Apprentices as the Magistrates opinions were bias and they were automatically on the side of the planter. Even if there were Magistrates who wanted to help they could not as they did not have the resources to do so. Fortunately, there were still a few Magistrates who carried out their jobs well and went out of their way to help apprentices and investigating their complaints, often risking their lives. For example, John Bowen Colthurst,Captain James Grady, William Oldery and William Ramsey.[12] According to historian, W L Burn, a good magistrate was one who: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ tolerated neither undue laziness on the part of apprentices nor undue severity on the part of the masters; kept their districts in order, tried to work with the governor and (while courting neither the favour of the planter nor that of the negrophilists).[13] Conclusion The Apprenticeship System failed as it was plagued by poor labour relations as Planters intended to keep their traditional power and racial dominance over the Apprentices. It also failed as a British Parliamentary Committee recommended that workhouses be taken away from local magistrates due to evidence reports sent by the Special Magistrates in 1837.[14] The planters had mixed reactions to the ending of the system. Some still wanted the system to run its full course while others wanted it to end mainly because they no longer wanted to have the expenses of providing for the Apprentices. As expected, the Apprentices were quite happy that the system was ended. On August 1 1838, laws were passed to prematurely end it[15]. At the end of Apprenticeship everyone was freed wether they were a praedial or non-praedial. Figure 2 : A gathering for the listening of the Governor reading the proclamation of the end of the Apprenticeship in the Spanish Town main square, Jamaica, 1838 Digital Image. Jamaican Echoes. [1] Dookhan, Isaac. Pre-Emancipation of the West Indies. Longman Group UK Ltd.1988. p.94 [2] http://scholar.library.miami.edu/emancipation/culture2.html [3] Beckles McD, Hilary, and Verene A Shepherd, Freedoms Won: Caribbean Emancipations, Ethnicities and Nationhood. Cambridge University Press.2006 p.9 [4] Beckles McD, Hilary, and Verene A Shepherd, Freedoms Won: Caribbean Emancipations, Ethnicities and Nationhood. Cambridge University Press.2006 p.11 [5] I bid. [6] Dookhan, Isaac. Pre-Emancipation of the West Indies. Longman Group UK Ltd.1988. p.93 [7] Claypole, William and John Robottom. Caribbean History: Foundations Book 1, Pearson Education Limited, 2009. Pg.175 [8] Extracts from the journal of a special magistrate in Barbados showed how the workhouse was used to control apprentices who worked less hard than the overseer demanded or who challenged a planter. [9] Claypole, William and John Robottom. Caribbean History: Foundations Book 1, Pearson Education Limited, 2009. Pg.178 [10] Claypole, William and John Robottom. Caribbean History: Foundations Book 1, Pearson Education Limited, 2009. Pg.175 [11] The initial salary of a Special Magistrate was  £300 but this was seen as inadequate and it was then moved up to  £450. [12] Beckles McD, Hilary, and Verene A Shepherd, Freedoms Won: Caribbean Emancipations, Ethnicities and Nationhood. Cambridge University Press.2006 Pg.13 [13] Beckles McD, Hilary, and Verene A Shepherd, Freedoms Won: Caribbean Emancipations, Ethnicities and Nationhood. Cambridge University Press.2006 Pg.14 [14] Claypole, William and John Robottom. Caribbean History: Foundations Book 1, Pearson Education Limited, 2009. Pg.178 [15] I bid.

Considerations for Child Development †Middle Childhood Essay

Physical development is concerned with the biological changes of the body and the brain. It includes genetics, a foetus’s growth in the mother’s womb, the birth process, brain development and the acquisition of fine motor skills; it also encompasses behaviours that promote and impede health and environmental factors that influence physical growth. (McDevitt & Ormrod, 2010, p. 5). I have chosen to evaluate the physical developmental stage of middle childhood, children the ages of six to ten years of age. This essay discusses the considerations for physical development and how it can be supported in the learning environment. It will look at motor development and its influences, the benefits of physical activity, and the consequences of inactivity. How a student’s physical development can facilitate or restrict development in other areas, and how we can support the physical needs and development of students. Read more:  Factors that influence child development essay Generally, children will develop their motor skills at them same time in life, however there are other factors that influence this development e. . a child’s environmental influences, (nurture) and also inherited characteristics and tendencies (nature). There are many things a teacher can do to facilitate a student’s basic cognitive process, they can help children pay attention to things that are important for them to remember; e. g. completing homework tasks, throwing litter in the bin, raising their hand and waiting before they speak in class. Introducing new information to the students existing knowledge will help them to continue to improve and learn. In middle childhood, children start to improve further on their fine motor skills, their handwriting becomes smaller, smoother and more consistent, and they will also start to participate in such fine motor activities as sewing, model building and arts and crafts projects. They will also intensify their speed, and coordination in running kicking, catching and dribbling. (McDevitt & Ormrod, 2010, p. 161) In the case of infants and young children, teachers should try to provide a variety of sensory experiences, to facilitate a student’s motor development. It is very important to gain a balance of physical activity as well as class room work for a healthy all round child of this age group. Regular physical activity can benefit students by actually increasing their attention to more cognitively demanding tasks (McDevitt & Ormrod, 2010, p. 172), in most cases if a child has a chance to be active and move around, they may be better able to prepare and settle into their theory work. Sport is another way that physical activity can benefit children. During Middle Childhood children begin to be more interested and start to excel in sport and athletics. Both organised and individual sports can be a good way to help maintain and enhance a child’s physical strength, endurance and agility. It can also promote social development by fostering communication, cooperation, and leadership skills (McDevitt & Ormrod, 2010, p. 171). ‘The reality is that appearance is influential in social relationships, and it does affect how children feel about themselves’ (Chu, 2000; Dohnt & Tiggermann, 2006b; Harter, 1999. ). Regular physical activity can help improve a child’s fitness, and help to maintain their weight and physical appearance, therefore making them feel better about themselves. Prolonged inactivity can result in weight gain, therefore effecting a student’s social emotional development. Being overweight or obese is a serious health risk in childhood. It predicts health problems in adulthood (McDevitt & Ormrod, 2010, p. 189). Prolonged inactivity can cause lack of motivation and a decline in a child’s self-confidence. This is particularly important as during Middle Childhood, children start to develop friendships and internalise many of society’s rules and prohibitions (McDevitt & Ormrod, 2010, p. 29). If a child fails to be physically active on a regular basis, e. g. staying indoors and watching television or playing computer games all day, it can restrict them from being social and forming important relationships and friendships. Prolonged physical inactivity can also affect a child’s concentration and participation during learning tasks. Over a period of time this could result in poor academic results. During middle childhood, children place great emphasis on the development of their own physical ability (parenting and child health, â€Å"http:/www. cyh. com/HealthTopics†). It is important as a teacher to try to focus on a student’s individual needs, encourage them to compete against themselves rather than their peers; this will help promote good self-confidence and will have an all-round good effect on other areas of their development. The rate of development differs considerably with differences partly the result of genetic diversity (nature), and partly a result of personal choices and environment (nurture) (McDevitt & Ormrod, 2010, p. 176). If a child is brought up in an environment that promotes healthy eating and exercise they will generally be in better physical state of health. Physical development can also promote social-emotional development by fostering communication; cooperation and leadership skills (McDevitt & Ormrod, 2010, p. 171); this can affect the child by making them feel more confident, motivated and be better prepared to form social relationships. However, for a child who does not have regular access to a healthy diet and a safe place for physical activity, this can lead to weight gain and obesity therefore restricting their social-emotional development, lowering their self-esteem, motivation and restricting their ability to form social relationship and friendships. A child’s motor skills can also be restricted by a lack of environmental support, if they are not provided with ample opportunity to practice their motor skills, whether it be through organised sport activities, or regular practice with mum or dad, they can fall behind on mastering these skills and allowing more complex skills to emerge (McDevitt & Ormrod, 2010, p. 176). It is important for a child to have a good balance both in school and at home and in their community, with both learning and physical activities. Physical activity is essential for children, you can help to facilitate this by being pro-active, trying to provide frequent opportunities for students to be physically active through the day, e. g. break up theory work with a few minutes of physical movement, this will help them to better concentrate on the next learning task. Aim to make exercise challenging, but enjoyable, change team members around frequently to ensure all students are equally participating and try to provide all children with a role. Providing a safe environment and ensuring children use appropriate equipment for their age will help to minimise the risk of injury (McDevitt & Ormrod, 2010, p. 185). In the case of a teacher having a student with special needs, providing they have permission, they should educate the other students on their condition and explain the nature of the disability; this will help the other children to be more accepting. There are many things a teacher can do to accommodate and support the physical needs and development of students. It is important to encourage every child to participate in all activities to the fullest extent possible, in a practice called inclusion; children with special needs joined their non-disabled peers in everyday school activities (Logan, Alberto, Kana & Waylor-Bowen, 1994; Sailsbury, Evans, & Palombaro, 1997). Engaging with parents and guardians can help give a teacher insight and suggestions into any adjustments that would help the child participate more fully in activities (McDevitt &Ormrod, 2010, p. 185). In middle childhood, children are increasingly comparing and often critical of themselves and their peers, a teacher should try to focus on and meet a student’s individual needs and aim for them to be competitive with themselves, rather than their peers e. g. aiming to beat their personal best score or time. This will help boost their confidence and give them a drive to do better next time. Thoughtful attention to children’s physical needs can enhance children’s health, well-being, and ability to focus on their schoolwork. Such short-term effects pay dividends for future health, because good habits in childhood pave the way to health living later in life (McDevitt & Ormrod, 2010, p. 186). It is always important for a teacher to pay such close attention to the children’s needs due to the fact that the impact of either class room learning or physical activity can both heavily shape their futures, or take from their quality of life in the future. In summary, for the Middle Childhood developmental stage that has been selected for the purpose of this assignment, there are many considerations for physical development and how the physical needs of students in the learning environment can be accommodated. A teacher can promote self –esteem and self-confidence making and engage with parents and guardians in order to successfully aid the child. Children can display a decline in self-confidence; this can be identified particularly in a child who does not have regular access to a healthy diet and a safe place for physical activity. It is therefore paramount to a child’s development that a teacher does actively encourage every child to participate in all activities to the fullest extent possible. It is in the best interest of the children for the teacher to incorporate a healthy balance of physical activity in with academic activity.

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